Flashcards
biomolecules cbse NCERT QUICK REVISION
Cards in this deck (43)
- 1Carbohydratespolyhydroxy aldehydes/ketones or compounds which give such units on hydrolysis (formula, Cx
(H2O)y - 2Monosaccharidescarbs that cannot be hydrolysed to give simpler units of polyhydroxy aldehyes/ketones
eg:glucose,fructose,ribose - 3Oligosaccharidesdisaccharides: 2 monosaccharides on hydrolysis
eg:lactose,sucrose,maltose
trisaccharides:3 monosaccharides oh hydrolysis - 4polysaccharidescarbs that produce a large no of mono saccharides on hydrolysis
eg:
cellulose,starch,glycogen - 5Glucose-Preparation(i)from sucrose-sucrose boiled in hcl/h2so4 in alcoholic solution
- 6Glucose-Preparation(ii)from starch-hydrolysis of starch by boiling it with dilute hcl/h2so4
- 7Glucose-structureit is called dextrose as it rotates the plane polarized light in clockwise direction
- 8Glucose-reactions to determine its structure(i)straight chain structure
glucose on prolonged heating with HI gives n-Hexane with signifies that all the carbon atoms are connected in a straight chain manner - 9reaction of glucose with hydroxylamine and hydrogen cyanideglucose reacts with hydroxylamine to give oxime and it reacts with hydrogen cyanide to give cyanohydrin
- 10reaction of glucose with bromine waterglucose gets oxidized to gluconic acid when it reacts with bromine water which is a mild oxidizing agent indicating that carbonyl group present is a aldehyde
- 11glucose with acetic anhydrideglucose reacts with acetic anhydride to give glucose pentaacetate indicating that the 5 OH groups are attached to different carbon atoms
- 12glucose with nitric acidglucose and gluconic acid reacts with nitric acid to give saccharic acid indicating the presence of a primary OH group in them
- 13structure of glucose ,gluconic acid and saccharic acid(i)Glucose (ii)gluconic acid (iii)saccharic acid
- 14actual meaning of D(+)glucose and L(-)Glucoseglucose is called as D(+)glucose and L(-)Glucose where D and L represents its relative configuration with some other configuration of a known compound where as + and - denotes the rotation.
isomers of carbohydrates are compared to the isomer of a compound glyceraldehyde.if the lowest asymmetric carbon has the OH group on the right then that compound is named as D(+) and if it is on the left it is named and L(-)
- 15reactions unable to be explained by open chain structure of glucose intro to o cyclic glucose1.glucose did not react to schiff's test
2.glucose did not give bi-sulphite addition product
3.glucose pentaacetate did not react with hydroxyl amine to give oxime
4. 2 crystalline structures of glucose
(i)a obtained at 303K(m.p 419K)
(ii)B obtained at 371K(m.p 423K)
anomers-cyclic hemiacetal forms of glucose which differ at the configuration of OH group at C1 atom is called as anomers
- 16glucose cyclic structure
- 17Fructosecalled as D(-)Fructose
has a keto group at C2
it is laevorotatory
- 18cyclic structure
- 19haworth representation
- 20DIsaccharides (i)termsglycosidic linkage:oxide bond formed between 2 monosaccharides due to loss of water
reducing sugar:reduces fehling's and tollen's eg:lactose and maltose
non reducing sugar:does not reduce fehling's and tollen's eg:sucrose - 21(i) sucrosemade up of ( a )D(+) glucose and (B)D(-)fructose
has a C1-C2 glycosidic linkage
non reducing due to absence of free carbonyl group
called as invert sugar because sucrose is dextro but on hydrolysis the solution becomes leavo as fructose hasmore negative rotation value(-92.4) than glucose(+52.6)
- 22(ii)Maltosemade up of 2 (a)D(+)Glucose
C1-C4 glycosidic linkage
carbonyl group produced at C2 carbon hence reducing sugar
- 23(ii) lactosealso known as milk sugar
made up of B-D glucose and B-D galactose
has C1-C4 glycosidic linkage
reducing sugar
- 24polysaccharides (i) starchmade up of a-D(+) glucose
it has 2 components amylose and amylopectin
amylose:water soluble,consists of 15-20%,long unbranched chain having C1-C4 glycosidic linkage
amylopectin:water insoluble,consists of 80-85%,long branced chain having chain through C1-C4 glycosidic lunkage and branch through C1-C6 glycosidic linkage
- 25(ii)cellulosestraight chain polysaccharide made of B-D glucose
C1-C4 glycosidic linkage
- 26(ii) glycogencalled as animal starch
has similar structure to amylopection but is more branched
glycogen phosphorylase breaks down glycogen - 27proteinspolymers of (a)-amino acids
polypeptides having more than 100 amino acids and molecular mass higher than 10,000u - 28amino acidscarbon compounds which contains amino(NH2) and carboxylic (COOH) attached to a R group.
they may contain other functional groups too
- 29classification of amino acids(i)n(NH2)=n(COOH) : neutral
(ii)n(NH2)>n(COOH) : basic
(iii)n(NH2) - 30characteristics of amino acidswater soluble compounds which behave as salts
they exists as zwitter ion in aqueous solutions
they are amphoteric in nature and react to both acids and bases
except glycine , all other amino acids are optically active
all amino acids exists in L configuration (write the NH2 group in left side)
- 31structure of proteins2 amino acids are attached together through a peptide linkage.
peptide linkage is a amide bond formed between NH2 group of one amino acid and COOH group of another
no of molecules reacting with each other determines the peptide formed
eg: 2 molecules-dipeptide
- 32classification of proteins on the basis of molecular shape(i)fibrous : polypeptide chain runs parallel and are held together by hydrogen and disulphide bonds .water insoluble
eg : keratin , myosin
(ii)Globular : polypeptide chain coils to give a spherical structure .water soluble
eg: insulin - 33primary structuresequence in which each amino acids are arranged is called primary structure.
different sequence gives different proteins - 34secondary structureway in which a polypeptide can coil.
(i)a-helix : polypeptide coils to form a right handed screw due to hydrogen bond between NH of one group bonded to CO of adjacent turn
(ii)B-pleated sheet : all polypeptides are stretched to maximum and laid side by side like drapery - 35tertiary structurefurther folding of the polypeptide
(i) globular
(ii)fibrous
both secondary and tertiary structure are stablized by hydrogen bond , disulphide linkage , van der waals force , electrostatic attraction - 36quarternary structurethe spatial arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains (sub-units) WRT to each other is called quarternary structure
- 37native proteinsproteins with unique structure and biological activity
- 38denaturation of proteinswhen native proteins are subjected to pH or temperature change the hydrogen bonds are disturbed and globules uncoil and helix unwinds.(primary structure in intact during this process)
eg : coagulation of egg white - 39enzymesbiocatalysts that help in biological reactions(they are globular proteins)
eg: invertase , maltase
mechanism : they are required in small amounts and reduce activation energy
- 40vitaminscompounds required in small amounts to perform specific reactions which help in maintenance and optimum growth
- 41classification of vitaminsclassified as water soluble and fat soluble
(i)water soluble : vitamins which are readily excreted in urine (except B12)
eg: vitamin B and C
(ii)fat soluble : soluble in oils.
vitamin A,D,E,K.
stored in liver and adipose tissue - 42nucleic acidsbiomolecules present in nucleus. polymers of nucleotides .they are of two types :
(i)deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)
(ii)ribonucleic acid(RNA) - 43—
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- XII Chemistry Flashcards on biomolecules cbse NCERT QUICK REVISION, created by k vignesh on 25/11/2023.
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