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Flashcards

Neuroscience

Adrianna Bialecka Biomedical Sciences University English 197 cards

Label of the neuron, four parts

Cards in this deck (197)

  1. 1How many neurons are in the brain?86 Billion neurons
  2. 2What are the two major cell types in the brain?Neurons and glial cells
  3. 3What to neurons do?Process information, sense environmental changes, communicate changes to other neurons, command body response
  4. 4What do glial cells?Insulate, support and nourish neurons and are also involved in cell communication and neurodegeneration
  5. 5Label of the neuron, four partsLabel of the neuron, four parts
  6. 6In what direction does the signal travel in the nerve?From dendrites (input zone) to axon hillock (trigger zone, to axon (conducting zone) and then to axon terminals (output zone)
  7. 7Where are most of the neurons organelles?cell body
  8. 8What are dendrites?Highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons
  9. 9What is the axon?It is typically a much longer extension that transmits signals to other cells at synapses
  10. 10What is the axon hillock?A cone-shaped base of an axon that is known as the initial segment where action potentials are initiated
  11. 11What is the axon hillock packed with?Na channels
  12. 12What are Nissl bodies?they are stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum (protein synthesis)
  13. 13What does the prominent golgi apparatus do?Packages material into vesicles for transport
  14. 14What other organelles does the neuron have?Many mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements such as neurofilaments and microtubules
  15. 15What are glial cells also known as?Schwann cells
  16. 16What is myelin sheaths used for?to improve the efficiency of the axon. Increasing the conduction velocity of the action potential
  17. 17What does myelination do?Electrical insulation, helps electrical impulses to not be decreased along cell, improves efficiency
  18. 18What are some other myelinating glial cells?Oligodendrocytes (CNS), Schwann cells (PNS), Astrocytes, Microglia
  19. 19What are action potentials?Electrical potential travels along the axon to the synaptic terminal
  20. 20What are synaptic transmissions?caused by the action potential reaching the synaptic terminal
  21. 21How is information transmitted from neurons to neuron?Transmitted from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic cell (neuron, muscle or gland cell). Most neurons are nourished or insulated by cells called glia
  22. 22What makes neurons electrically excitable?Resting membrane potential
  23. 23What is resting membrane potential (RMP) required for?-> Muscle contract
    ->Synaptic transmission
    ->Pacemaker activity
    -> Cell to cell signalling
  24. 24How is resting potential of a neuron established?By ion pumps and ion channels
    It is not easy for ions to cross bi-layer. 4 ion channels are closed, ions stay put. Ion cross cell membranes through ion channels. Every cell has voltage across its plasma membrane called a membrane potential.
  25. 25What is the resting potential ?the membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals. Changes in membrane potential act as signals, processing information
  26. 26What ions are in the extracellular fluid?Sodium and chloride ions
  27. 27What ions are in the intracellular fluid?Potassium and non-diffusable molecules such as proteins with negatively charged side chains and phosphate compounds
  28. 28What happens under resting conditions?The neural membrane is highly permeable to K+ ions with only a small permeability to Na+
  29. 29What is the approx. value of resting membrane potential?-65 to -70 mV
  30. 30How is resting potential formed?The concentration of K+ is highest inside the cell, while the concentration of Na+ is highest outside the cell (wants to enter but cant). Sodium-potassium ATPase pumps use the energy of ATP to maintain these K+ and Na+ gradients across the plasma membrane (pumps 3 Na+ out for 2K+ in) producing approx. -5mV of the membrane potential. Open potassium channels in the neuronal membrane allow K+ ions to freely move out of the cell
  31. 31How does it reach equilibrium?Electrical and chemical gradients are balance. Eventually compartment one has a sufficient build up of positive ions to repel further movement of K+ down its concentration gradient
  32. 32How do you calculate the equilibrium potential for one ion only?Nernst equation
    =62(log(Mm of outer/Mm of inner))
  33. 33What is the equilibrium potential (Eion)?The membrane voltage for a particular ion at equilibrium and can be calculated using the Nernst equation
  34. 34Why is the resting membrane potential closer to the equilibrium potential for K+ (-90mV)?The membrane is highly permeable to K+ with some permeability to Na+ and Cl+
  35. 35What is action potential triggered by?A potential triggered by a depolarisation that reaches the threshold
  36. 36What is the threshold?The membrane potential at which voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing Na+ to enter the neuron (Approx at -55mV)
  37. 37How does Action potential happen?First at resting potential, reaches threshold at which dependent Na+ channels open. Na+ enters the cell down its chemical and electrical gradient causing the cell to depolarise. It peaks at +30mV and then Na+ inactivation gate begins to close and K+ channels open and it begins to exit the neuron. Repolarisation is caused as K+ leaves the cell. After action potential is complete, hyperpolarisation begins due to K+ channels remaining open
  38. 38What happens in MS (multiple sclerosis)?Myelination slows down
  39. 39What are electrical synapses?The electrical current flows from one neuron to another
  40. 40What are chemical synapses?A chemical neurotransmitter carries information across the gap junction
  41. 41What are most synapses?chemical synapses
  42. 42What happens in chemical synaptic transmission?The presynaptic neuron synthesizes and packages the neurotransmitter in synaptic vesicles located in the synaptic terminal. The action potential causes the release of the neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and is received by the postsynaptic cell.
  43. 43How do neuron neuron connections work?The generation of Postsynaptic potentials. A ligand is another term for neurotransmitter. Direct synaptic transmission involves binding of neurotransmitter to ligand-gated ion channels in the postsynaptic cell.
    Neurotransmitter binding causes ion channels to open, generating a postsynaptic material
  44. 44What are Excitatory Postsynaptic potentials?Depolarizations brings the membrane potential toward threshold. Chemical transmitter binds to the post synaptic receptor and open and ion channel which allows Na+ to enter the cell and a small amount of K+ can leave the cell via this channel. This causes the cell to become more depolarized which move the membrane potential at the axon hillock closer to the potential where an Action potential will be generated
  45. 45What are Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials?Hyperpolarization move the membrane potential farther from the threshold potential where an action potential is generated. Chemical neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the post synaptic cells and opens ion channels which make the cell more negative e.g. Chloride (Cl-) ions enter the cell. The inhibitory neurotransmitter Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) can open Cl- channel
  46. 46What does summation of EPSPs and IPSPs do?IPSP can counter the effect of an EPSP. The summed effect determines whether an axon hillock will reach threshold and generate an action potential
  47. 47After release what happens to neurotransmitters?May diffuse out of the synaptic cleft, may be taken up by surrounding cells and may be degraded by enzymes
  48. 48What are the five groups of neurotransmitters?Acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acids, neuropeptides and gases
  49. 49Can a single neurotransmitter may have than a dozen different receptor?True
  50. 50What is an important synapse?The neuromuscular junction
  51. 51What are events that occur during neuromuscular transmission?Action potential in presynaptic motor axon terminals. Increase in Ca++ permeability and influx of Ca++ into axon terminal.
    Release of acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft. Diffusion of acetylcholine to postjunctional membrane. Combination of acetylcholine with specific receptors (nicotinic) on postjunctional membrane. Increase permeability of postjunctional membrane to Na+ and K+ causes EPP
  52. 52What is Myasthenia Gravis?Autoimmune disease of ACh Receptor. Amplitude of end plate potential is reduced to the point where it is barely above threshold to activate adjacent Na+ channels. Can be detected by EMG
  53. 53What is Lambert Eaton Syndrome?Presynaptic Autoimmune disease. Antibodies to pre-synaptic Ca +2 channel, thus inhibiting transmitter release. Detected by EMG
  54. 54What are some inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase?Botulinum toxin, Tetrodotoxin, funnel web spider toxin, Tetanus toxin, curare, w-conotoxin, alpha-bungarotoxin and pierotoxin
  55. 55What is a brainbow?It is a recent advance in brain exploration involved a method for expressing combination of colored proteins in brain cells
  56. 56What is the CNS composed of (Central nervous system?Brain and spinal cord
  57. 57What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of?Nerves and ganglia
  58. 58What is gray matter?Consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons
  59. 59What is white matter?Which consists of bundles of myelinated axons
  60. 60If you look at the brain from the rear what do you see on the left side and on the right?On the left is the left cerebral hemisphere and on the right its the right cerebral hemisphere. Under the cerebrum is the cerebellum
  61. 61What does the Diencephalon consist of?Thalamus, pineal gland, hypothalamus and pituitary gland
  62. 62What is the diencephalon connected to?Mid brain which is connected to pons which is connected to medulla oblongata and which is connected to spinal cord
  63. 63What do embryonic radial glia do?Form tracks along which newly formed neurons migrate
  64. 64What do astrocytes do?Induce cells lining capillaries in the CNS to form tight junctions, resulting in a blood-brain barrier and restricting the entry of most substance into the brain
  65. 65What are the two efferent components of the PNS?The motor system and the autonomic nervous system
  66. 66What is the motor system?Carries signals to skeletal muscles and is voluntary
  67. 67What is the autonomic nervous system?It regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and is generally involuntary
  68. 68What does the sympathetic division regulates in the autonomic nervous system?Arousal and energy generation (inhibits and relaxes)
  69. 69What does the parasympathetic division regulates in the autonomic nervous system?It has antagonistic effects on target organs and promotes calming and a return to rest and digest functions (stimulates and slows)
  70. 70What does the enteric division regulates in the autonomic nervous system?Controls activity of the digestive tract, pancreas and gallbladder
  71. 71Why sleep?To sustain normal levels of cognitive skills
  72. 72What does the lack of sleep cause?Grumpiness, grogginess, irritability, forgetfulness and attention span shortens, language, memory, planning and sense of time is severely affected
  73. 73What does the EGG record?On the surface of the scalp and reflects the overall activity of the nerve cells in the cerebral cortex
  74. 74What is the average sleep?7.75 hours
  75. 75Do adult require less sleep than children?Yes
  76. 76What controls arousal and sleep?Brainstem and cerebrum- reticular formation which regulates the amount and type of information that reaches the cerebral cortex and affects alertness
  77. 77What are the two categories of sleep?Recurring cycle of 90 to 110 minutes
    -> non-REM sleep
    ->REM sleep
  78. 78What does REM stand for?rapid eye movement
  79. 79What is the first stage of non-rem sleep?Half awake and half asleep. Muscle activity slow own and slight twitching may occur. Light sleep period and can be easily awakened
  80. 80What is the second stage of non-rem sleep?Within ten minutes of light sleep, enter stage two, which last approx 20 minutes. Breathing pattern and heart rate start to slow down. This period accounts for the largest part of human sleep
  81. 81What is the third stage of non-rem sleep?The brain begins to produce delta waves, a type of wave that is large and slow breathing and heart rate are at their lowest levels
  82. 82What is the fourth stage of non-rem sleep?Rhythmic breathing. If we are awakened during deep sleep we do not adjust immediately and often feel groggy and disoriented for several minutes after waking up. Some children experience sleepwalking during this stage
  83. 83What happens during REM sleep?First REM period begins about 70-90 minutes after we fall asleep. We have around three to five REM occurrences a night. When most dreams occur, be are not conscious but the brain is active. The eyes dart around and our breathing rate and blood pressure rise. Bodies are paralyzed to prevent us from acting out our dreams
  84. 84What are the electrical recording from Brain surface called?Electrocorticogram (ECoG)
  85. 85What are the electrical recording from Scalp called?Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  86. 86What is Oscillation?Rhythmical alterations in activity in thalamocortical circuits
  87. 87How do dolphins sleep?Dolphins sleep with one brain hemisphere at a time and are therefore able to swim while asleep
  88. 88What do low frequency waves mean?Sleep
  89. 89What do high frequency waves mean?Wakefulness
  90. 90What did Nathaniel Kleitman and Bruce Richardson do in 1938?Emerged from a highly publicized 32 day sojourn in Mammoth Cave Kentucky. They switched to a rhythm that was four hours longer than the normal 24-hour day. They tried a 19 hour wake and 9 hour sleep cycle- inconclusive
  91. 91What do Mammalian Circadian rhythms rely on?Biological clock, molecular mechanism that directs periodic gene expression. They are typically synchronized to light and dark cycle. Human clock cycle approx. 24.5 hours. They coordinated by a group of neurons in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
  92. 92What does the SCN act as?Pacemaker
  93. 93Diagram with labels of the mid brain?Diagram with labels of the mid brain?
  94. 94What happens if you switch the SCN of one hamster with another?They start having the circadian cycle periods similar to the ones from the SCN
  95. 95What releases hormone melatonin?Pineal gland
  96. 96What does melatonin do?It is used to treat jet lag. It s made predominantly at night and it conveys information to various parts of the body. Expressed rhythmically throughout the day
  97. 97How does melatonin work?Melatonin levels cycle in our bodies. Low levels during daylight, rise during night time. Peak levels between 11pm and 3am. Levels continue to cycle in constant darkness. Can slowly adjust to environmental changes
  98. 98What does melatonin do to the SCN?Binds to it inhibiting neuron activity
  99. 99Generation and experience of emotions involves many brain structures?Amygdala, hippocampus and parts of the thalamus. (limbic system)
  100. 100What else does the limbic system function in?Motivation, olfaction, behavior and memory
  101. 101What structure is most important to the storage of emotion in the memory?Amygdala
  102. 102What does the nucleus accumbens do?Happy music activates it and addiction
  103. 103What does the amygdala do?Sad music causes activity
  104. 104What is depression?State of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a persons thoughts, behavior, feelings and sense of well-being
  105. 105How to treat depression?Lifestyle changes, major depressive disorders, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  106. 106What is behavior?It is the nervous system's response to a stimulus and is carried out by the muscular or the hormonal system. It is subject to natural selection
  107. 107What four questions should be asked about animal behaviour?1. What stimulus elicits the behavior and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response
    2. How does the animal's experience during growth and development influence the response
    3. How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?
    4. What is the behavior's evolutionary history?
  108. 108What is behavioral ecology?It is the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior
  109. 109What is a signal?It is a behavior that causes a change in another animal's behavior
  110. 110What is Communication?It is the transmission and reception of signals.
    These can be visual, chemical, tactile and auditory signals
  111. 111What is an example of animal communication?Fruit fly courtship follows a three step stimulus-response chain
  112. 112What are pheromones?Chemical substances emitted by animals to communicate
  113. 113What is Innate behavior?It is developmentally fixed and does not vary among individuals. It is behavior that occurs without obvious environmental influence
  114. 114What is a cross-fostering study?Places the young from one species in the care of adults from another species
  115. 115What happened between the cross-fostering study between two different mice species?Influence of social environment of aggressive and parental behaviors
  116. 116What is learning?It is the modification of behavior based on specific experiences
  117. 117What is imprinting?It is a behavior that includes learning and innate components and is generally irreversible. Distinguished from other learning by a sensitive period.
    E.g. young geese follwoing their mother
  118. 118What is a sensitive period?It is a limited developmental phase that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned
  119. 119How have conservation biologists used imprinting?Save whooping crane from extinction
  120. 120What is associative learning?Animals associate one feature of their environment with another. E.g. white-footed mouse will avoid eating caterpillars with specific colors after a bad experience with a distasteful monarch butterfly caterpillar
  121. 121What is classical conditioning?It is a type of associative learning on which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment. For example, a dog that repeatedly hears a bell before being red will salivate in anticipation at the bell's sound
  122. 122What is Operant conditioning?It is a type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment. It is called a trial and error learning
  123. 123What is Social learning?It is learning through the observation of other and forms the roots of culture. E.g. young chimpanzees learn to crack palm nuts with stones by coping older chimpanzees
  124. 124What is mating behavior?It includes seeking or attracting mates, choosing among potential mates, competing for mates and caring for offspring
  125. 125What do orange throat male lizards do?Most aggressive and defend large territories
  126. 126What do blue throat male lizards do?Defend small territories
  127. 127What do yellow throat male lizards do?nonterritorial, mimic females, and use sneaky strategies to mate
  128. 128What controls many behaviours?Master regulatory gene. For example a single gene controls many behaviors of the male fruit fly courtship ritual
  129. 129What is altruism?Selflessness. Some animals behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of others
  130. 130What is Reciprocal altruism?Altruistic behavior toward unrelated individuals can be adaptive if the aided individual returns the favor in the future. Limited to species with stable social groups where individuals meet repeatedly and cheaters are punished
  131. 131Genes and behviour?Behavior has evolved, evolution is a change in gene frequencies and thus are there genes for behaviors. USE OF MOLECULAR GENETICS TECHNIQUES BY BEHAVIOURAL RESEARCHERS
  132. 132How do genes usually affect behaviour?Behaviour is regulated by multiple genes acting together- polygenic (not just one- very rare)
  133. 133Diagram of all the different lobesDiagram of all the different lobes
  134. 134What is the human Connectome Project?map the brain's long-distance communications network
  135. 135What 2 processes dominate embryonic development of the nervous system?->Neurons compete for growth-supporting factors in order to survive
    -> Only half the synapses that form during embryo development survive into adulthood
  136. 136What is Neural plasticity?Describes the ability of the nervous system to be modified after birth. Neural plasticity can take to form of Long-Term potentiation
  137. 137What is an example of neural plasticity?Formation of memories
  138. 138How is short-term memory accessed?Via the hippocampus
  139. 139What forms long-term memory and where is it stored?Hippocampus forms long term memory but it is stored in the cerebral cortex
  140. 140Who is Patient H.M.?suffered severe uncontrolled epilepsy (hippocampus is the site of epilepsy). In 1953 he underwent a bilateral medial temporal love restriction performed by William Scoville. His seizures completely disappeared but he had lost some memory (retrograde amnesia) and was unable to form new memories (anterograde amnesia)
    No loss of intellect
  141. 141What is declarative (Explicit) Memory?Hippocampal dependent, Fast learning, Facts, Figures, Spatial learning (route to work, home)
  142. 142What is Procedural (Implicit) Memory?Motor learning: Cerebellar dependent, Slow accumulation of skills and previous experience e.g. riding a bike
  143. 143How does LTP work in vertebrate brain?Long-term potentiation involves an increase in the strength of synaptic transmission. LTP involved glutamate receptors. It requires NMDA (n-methyl-D-aspartate) and AMPA type glutamate receptors. If there is simultaneous excitation of the presynaptic and postsynaptic glutamatergic neurons, this leads to a persistent change in the numbers of receptors present on the postsynaptic membrane
  144. 144Neurons that fire together?Wire together
  145. 145Neurons that fire out of sink?loose their link
  146. 146Where is Explicit memory information taken from to?Explicit memory information is taken from the entorhinal ctx to the hippocampus for processing
  147. 147What happens before and during LTP?When Mg 2+ block is removed, NMDA receptor/channels allow Ca 2+ to enter the post synaptic cell. Glutamate activates AMPA channels to depolarize the neuron. The Mg 2+ block is released from the NMDA channel. Calcium dependent signaling causes stored AMPA receptors to be inserted into the synapse. Glutamate activates the AMPA receptors to allow Na+ to enter the neuron and produce the Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential. The NMDA receptor/channel is blocked by Mg 2+ ions. During high frequency stimulation. Increased release of glutamate cause increased Na+ influx prolonging depolarization of the post synoptic cell, and allows the Mg 2+ block to be removed from the NMDA receptor channel. Ca 2+ the enters via the NMDA channel and causes a biochemical change which increases the number of surface AMPA receptors. Glutamate release caused by one single stimulus activates the now increased numbers of surface AMPA receptors which increases the amount of Na+ entering the cell. This causes a larger Excitatory post synaptic potential
  148. 148Are new neurons formed?Yes by stem cells, example in the hippocampus new neurons are formed
  149. 149What factors influence survival of new neurons?Hippocampal dependent learning, Physical exercise, Environmental enrichment and LTP. Stress, Social isolation, Alcohol/drug abuse and Ageing
  150. 150Can neurogenesis be manipulated for therapeutics?Stem cell therapies to promote neurogenesis, Modulate neurogenesis to facilitate CNS repair
  151. 151What are some examples of nervous system disorders?Schizophrenia, Depression, Bi-polar disorder, Drug addiction, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease
  152. 152What is Alzheimer's disease?It is a mental deterioration characterized by confusion and memory loss. Early onset is less that 50 years and late onset is approx. 80s. It is caused by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain
  153. 153What is Beta-amyloid peptide (1-42aa)?Highly neurotoxic
  154. 154Who discovered Alzheimer's disease?Alois Alzheimer studied Auguste Deter who had loss of short term memory. He studied her brain pathology and it contained senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
  155. 155How does early onset Alzheimer's disease?Genetic mutation in Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), Presenillin 1 or Presenillin 2 which increase the production of Beta Amyloid 1-42. Presenillin is the catalytic component of gamma secretase
  156. 156How does late onset Alzheimer's disease?Apolipoprotein E4 allele is associated with increased risk of LOAD. Apoliprotein E2 is associated with reduced risk
  157. 157What is Pittsburgh compound B (PIB)?It is a radioactive analog of thioflavin T, that binds beta amyloid
  158. 158What drugs are used to treat AD symptoms?Cholinesterase inhibitors, which boost brain levels of acetylcholine: Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine. Memantine (Namenda) NMDAR2b antagonist
    Aducanumab 2021: Mild Cognitive impairment
    Lecanemab 2023: Mild cognitive deficit
  159. 159What is the Cerebrum?The largest division of the brain essential for awareness, language, cognition, memory and consciousness. It is divided into two hemisphere, each of which is divided into four lobes
  160. 160What does the frontal cortical lobes?Higher executive function, decision making, planning, memory aspected
  161. 161What does the Temporal cortical lobes?Auditory information, speech, memory processing, emotion
  162. 162What does the Occipital lobe do?Visual perception, colour, form
  163. 163What does the Parietal lobe do?Sensation, sensory perception and integration
  164. 164What is the cerebral cortex?The outermost layer of gray matter making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum
  165. 165What is the Corpus Callosum?It links left and right hemisphere
  166. 166What is MRI and its use?Magnetic resonance imaging has been used to study the brain. Small metabolic changes indicate brain activity
  167. 167What does the pre-motor cortex do next to the motor cortex?Association
  168. 168What are sensory areas?Receive impulses from sense organs and transmit then to the association areas
  169. 169What are association areas?Receive impulses- interpret them in the light of similar past experiences and transmit impulses to motor areas
  170. 170What are motor areas?Transmit impulses to the effectors, e.g. hands, feet
  171. 171What is the size of the sensory and motor areas related to?The number of receptors in that area
  172. 172Does the left and right cerebral hemisphere control the opposite sides of the body?True
  173. 173Diagram of brainDiagram of brain
  174. 174Where does the cerebral cortex receive input from?Sensory organs and somatosensory receptors
  175. 175What do somatosensory receptors do?Provide information about touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and the position of muscle and limbs
  176. 176What does the thalamus?Directs different types of input to distinct cortical locations
  177. 177What do adjacent areas do?process features of the sensory input and integrate information from different sensory areas
  178. 178What does the prefrontal cortex do?Helps plan actions and movement
  179. 179What does the Primary motor cortex control?Tongue, Jaw, Lips, Brow, Neck, Thumb, Fingers, hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, shoulder, trunk, hip, knee, toes
  180. 180What does the primary somatosensory cortex?Abdominal organs, Tongue, Pharynx, Jaw, Gums, Teeth, Lips, Face, Nose, Eye, Thumb, Fingers, Hand, Forearm, Elbow, Upper arm, Head, Knee, Trunk, Hip, Leg, Genitalia
  181. 181What was Broca's Aphasia?Brain lesions in a stroke patient who could understand language but could not speak (left frontal lobe is responsible for articulation of speech)
  182. 182What was Wernicke's Aphasia?The patient could speak but made no sense. The damaged area was around where the temporal and parietal lobes meet in the posterior part of the left hemisphere
  183. 183Diagram of and left and right hemisphereDiagram of and left and right hemisphere
  184. 184What is the left hemisphere more adept at?Language, math, logic and processing or serial sequences. MATH AND SCIENCE, language, logic, analytic thought
  185. 185What is the right hemisphere more adept at?It is stronger at pattern recognition, nonverbal thinking and emotional processing. ART AND MUSIC. Creativity, intuition and holistic thought
  186. 186What is the difference in hemisphere function called?Lateralization. The two hemispheres work together by communicating through the fibers of the corpus callosum (split-brain language)
  187. 187What does the right hemisphere receive visual info from?LVF only
  188. 188What does the left hemisphere receive visual info from?RVF only
  189. 189What is Sperry's Split brain?A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them
  190. 190Where does sentence comprehension occur?Left hemisphere
  191. 191Where does emotional prosody occur?Right hemisphere
  192. 192What is the VWFA?The visual word form area, reproducible site of activation during reading in all cultures. Always located at the same coordinates in the left lateral occipito-temporal sulcus
  193. 193What do lesions of the VWFA cause?pure alexia, an acquired selective disability in reading
  194. 194The ability to recognize faces resides almost exclusively in which hemisphere?Right hemisphere
  195. 195What does Frontal love damage cause?May impair decision making and emotional responses but leave intellect and memory intact
  196. 196Who is Phineas Gage?Detonation accident resulted in a 42 inch long metal rod entered his skill below his his left cheek bone and exited after passing through the anterior frontal lobe of his brain. His personality, reasoning and capacity to understand and follow social norms had been diminished or destroyed. He became a nasty, vulgar and irresponsible vagrant
  197. 197What does the frontal lobe of the brain play a role in?It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions:
    -Memory formation
    -Emotions
    -Decision making/reasoning
    -Personality

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University Biomedical Sciences Flashcards on Neuroscience, created by Adrianna Bialecka on 01/05/2024.
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