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Flashcards

Bones and Muscle

Adrianna Bialecka Physiology University English 67 cards

Bones and Muscle

Cards in this deck (67)

  1. 1What are the four primary tissues?-Epithelial
    -Muscle
    -Nerve
    -Connective
  2. 2What are the functions of tissues?-Support
    -Protection
    -Insulation
    -Transport
    -Reservoir
  3. 3What are the structural elements of tissues?-Cells
    -Fibers
    -Ground Substance
  4. 4What is an example of a connective tissue disease?Lupus
  5. 5What are Haematopoietic Cells?Cells that reside in or patrol connective tissues
  6. 6What are Mesenchymal cells?Cells that synthesis/remodel ECN and compose connective tissues
  7. 7What do Mast Cells do?produce histamine which triggers inflammatory response
  8. 8What do osteocytes and osteoblasts do?Make bone
  9. 9What do chondrocytes and chondroblast do?make cartilage
  10. 10What do fibroblast do?make collagen
    -Synthesis matrix components
    -Most common cell type
    -Active or quiescent
    -Tissue repair
  11. 11What is hemotoxylin dye?Dark Blue/Purple dye that likes acid molecules so it sticks to DNA (aka nucleus)
  12. 12What is Eosin dye?Pink dye that likes basic molecules
  13. 13What is the appearance of fibroblast nuclei between collagen?Squished
  14. 14What are some other resident cells?-Macrophages
    -Mast cells
    -Plasma cells
    -Leukocytes
    -Adipose Cells
  15. 15What are the three types of Fibres?-Collagen- main fibre in most supporting tissues (Col I)
    - Reticular (collagen III)- fine support scaffold in many organs
    -Elastic - shape retention
  16. 16What is collagen?- has tensile strength
    -long fibrils (type 1 and 3)
    -fibril associated - cross link fibrils
    -networks (type 4) - basal lamina
    -anchoring fibrils - attaches fibrils to basal lamina
  17. 17What is tropocollagen?Type 1 collagen
    -two alpha 1 and one alpha 2 chains form collagen molecules
    -Made up of thousands of collagen fibrils that form collagen fiber and then form bundle of collagen fibers
    -The overlapping regions in a collagen fibril are light in colour compared to gap regions (lacunar region) which is darker.
  18. 18What are some diseases caused by defects in collagen synthesis?- Osteogenesis imperfecta
    -Progressive systematic sclerosis
    -Ehlers-Danlos disorders
    -Scurvy
    -Keloid Scarring- fibroblast overreact t injury (excess collagen growth)
  19. 19What are Reticular Fibres? (netlike)- Collagen III
    -thin
    -Extensible organs
    -Form extensive networks
    >smooth muscle
    >haemopoietic organs
    > parenchymal organs
    -Reticular network usually anchored to dense collagenous capsule
  20. 20What does Reticular Fibres look like?What does Reticular Fibres look like?
  21. 21What are sinusoids?Organs such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow contain blood vessel structures called sinusoids instead of capillaries
  22. 22What does Elastin Fibres look like?Single Elastin molecules joined by cross-linkingWhat does Elastin Fibres look like?
  23. 23What is Ground Substance?Combines with fibres to form extracellular matrix throughout body
    -Lubrication (synovial fluid)
    -Cushioning (Cartilage)
    -Glycosaminoglycans
    -Proteoglycans
    -Multiadhesive Glycoproteins
  24. 24What are glycoproteins?-Cell adhesion (integrins)
    -Bind cells to basement membrane
    -Fibronectin
    -Laminin
  25. 25What is Loose Connective Tissue?Supports structures that are under pressure and low friction
    -Separates muscle cells
    -Supports epithelial tissue
    -Layer that sheathes blood/ lymphatic vessels
    -Papillary layer of dermis
    -Hypodermis
    -Serosal linings of peritoneal and pleural cavities
    -Glands and mucous membranes of epithelial tissues
  26. 26What is Dense Connective Tissue?Adapted to offer resistance and protection
    -similar to loose CT but fewer cells are more fibres
    -less flexible but far more resistant to stress
    Irregular = dermis
    Regular= tendons
  27. 27What are tendons?-They join striated muscle to bone
    -Densely packaged collagen fibres separated by sparse ground substance - appears white
    >primary and secondary bundles
    >enveloped by loose CT containing blood vessels and nerves (synovium)
    -Few resting fibroblasts orientate with fibre direction
    -External sheath of dense CT
    >squamous cells of mesenchymal origin
    >similar to synovium
  28. 28What do tendons look like?What do tendons look like?
  29. 29What are ligaments?Bone to Bone connections
    -Elastic under tension
    -Similar structure to tendons but less dense- more proteoglycan
  30. 30What is Cartilage?-Rich matrix
    -Mechanical stresses (shock absorber)
    -Growth of long bones
  31. 31What are the components of cartilage?-Cells
    >Chondroblasts (immature cc)
    >Chondrocytes (cartilage cell)
    -Extracellular matrix
    -Perichondrium
  32. 32What are the three types of Cartilage?>Hyaline Cartilage
    >Elastic Cartilage
    > Fibrocartilage
  33. 33What is Hyaline Cartilage?Most Common
    -Bluish white -bad blood supply
    -Temporary Skeleton
    -Growth of long bones
  34. 34What does Hyaline Cartilage look like?What does Hyaline Cartilage look like?
  35. 35What is a lacunae?Cavity in bone (surrounding chondrocytes)
  36. 36What are the differences between interstitial and appositional growth?Appositional growth: New surface layers of matrix are added to pre-existing tissue by new cells from the perichondrium.
    Interstitial growth: Tissue grows from within through cell division and enlargement
  37. 37What is asbestiform?Asbestiform is a crystal habit. It describes a mineral that grows in a fibrous aggregate of high tensile strength, flexible, long, and thin crystals that readily separate.
  38. 38What is cartilage involved in?Growth
    -Interstitial
    -Appositional
    Degeneration
    -Calcification
    -Asbestiform
    Regeneration
    -Poor blood supply
    -Incomplete
  39. 39What is Elastic Cartilage?-Similar to hyaline
    -Abundant elastic fibres
  40. 40What does Elastic cartilage look like?What does Elastic cartilage look like?
  41. 41With what stain can elastin be stained black?Van Gieson
  42. 42What is Fibrocartilage?Associated with dense connective tissues
    >Pubic Symphysis
    >Annulus fibrosus
    -Alternating rows
    -Regular or irregular
    -No perichondrium
  43. 43What does fibrocartilage look like?What does fibrocartilage look like?
  44. 44What is the function of bone?-weight bearing
    -protective cover
    -provides sites of attachment
    -mineral source -calcium and phosphate
    -Bone marrows produces red and white blood cells
  45. 45What is bone composed of?-Organic -25 percent (90 percent is collage)
    -Inorganic- 75 percent - lattice structure inorganic salts
    Calcium hydroxyapatite crystals
  46. 46What are the types of bone tissue?- primary, immature, woven
    - Secondary, mature, lamella
    -Compact/ spongy
    (cancellous/trabecullar)
  47. 47What is cancellous picrosirius made from?collagen
  48. 48What is woven bone?-usually temporary
    -random organization of collagen
    -low mineral content
    -immature bone
    -remodeled = lamellar bone
  49. 49What is lamellar bone?-mature skeleton
    -successive layers
    -highly organized infrastructure
    -compact
  50. 50What is the Periosteum?-OUTER layer (membrane)
    -Sharpey's fibres
    -Not present at sites of insertion
    -important in repair
  51. 51What does periosteum look like?What does periosteum look like?
  52. 52Diagram of Cortical (compact bone)Diagram of Cortical (compact bone)
  53. 53What is the Endosteum?INNER layer (membrane that lines cavity)
    -Thin layer- reticular tissue
    -Bone and blood cell precursors
    -lines the marrow cavity
    -Extends into Haversian canals (Osteons)
  54. 54What are the four types of Bone cells?-Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor
    -Osteoblasts
    -Osteocytes
    -Osteoclasts
  55. 55What are Osteogenic cells?-Undifferentiated stem cells
    -Periosteum
    -Proliferate by mitosis
    - Differentiate into Osteoblasts
  56. 56What are Osteoblasts?-Immature bone cells
    -Line advancing surfaces
    -Synthesize, secrete and deposit new bone matrix
    -uncalcified 'osteoid'
    -mineralization
    -Respond to changes in hormones
  57. 57What are Osteocytes?-Main cells of bone
    -Trapped by bone matrix
    -Found in the lacunae
    -Maintain bone matrix
  58. 58What are Osteoclasts?-Large multinucleated cells
    -Originate from monocytes
    -Found along bone surfaces
    -Important in resorption, remodeling and repair
  59. 59How does bone remodeling in young people and adults differ?Young people
    Bone development > bone resorption
    Adults
    Bone development ~ = bone resorption
    -General architectural shape retained by surface remodeling
    -Determined by mechanical stress
  60. 60What is Endochondral Ossification and Growth?- Cartilaginous model of the bone
    - Bony periosteal collar forms
    -Primary marrow cavity formation
    -Blood vessels and connective tissue -> 1 degree marrow cavity
    -Cavity enlarges rapidly
    -Secondary ossification centre formed ->restriction of bone formation
    -Epiphyseal disc is obliterated and no further growth can occur
  61. 61What is ossification?the process of turning cartilage into bone
  62. 62Diagram describing Endochondral growthDiagram describing Endochondral growth
  63. 63What do bony spicules (flat bones) look like? (INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION)What do bony spicules (flat bones) look like? (INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION)
  64. 64What cells/structures are involved in fracture repair?- Periosteum
    -Blood vessels
    -Fibroblasts
    -Chondroblasts
    -Osteoblasts- building
    -Osteoclasts - nibbling
  65. 65What happens during fractures?Bone matrix damage, cell death and periosteum/Endosteum tears
    -localized haemorrhage
    - Blood clot formation
    -Debris removed by macrophages
    -Capillaries and fibroblasts invade blood clot => Granulation tissue
  66. 66What are the four different stages of repair?Stage 1: Haematoma
    -Haemmorrhage
    -Blood clot
    -Macrophages
    -Granulation tissue
    Stage 2: Provisional Callus
    -Chondrogenic cells proliferate
    -Cartilage deposited
    -Provisional callus formed
    Stage 3: Bony Callus
    -Osteoprogenic cell proliferation
    -Bony callus formation
    Stage 4: Bone repair
    -Remodelling - active osteoclasts
  67. 67Diagram of Bone repairDiagram of Bone repair

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University Physiology Flashcards on Bones and Muscle, created by Adrianna Bialecka on 06/10/2024.
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