Flashcards

Chapter 8-Information Processing

Ellie Shuter PE AS - Level English 20 cards

Cards in this deck (20)

1InputInformation gathered from the environment.
This involves the performer using their senses and perceptual mechanism.
Any information that is irrelevant is filtered via selective attention to increase the speed of the decision making process.
2Decision makingGathered information is used to formulate a motor programme.
The decision is based on previous experience using the translatory mechanism.
3OutputThe motor programme is completed by the performer using the effector mechanism.
4Short-term sensory storeCollects all the information entering the body via the sensory system.
It has a huge capacity but can only retain it for a short period of time.
Selective attention filters the relevant information from the irrelevant.
5Short-term memoryReceives the filtered information and compares it to past experiences before the final decision is made.
It has a limited capacity and duration(30 seconds)
If the information is practiced and rehearsed it is passed through to the long-term memory.
6Strategies to improve STMChunking-The information is arranged into larger chunks allowing more pieces to be stored.
Chaining-The linking together of pieces of information.
Selective Attention-The filtering of relevant information from irrelevant to speed up the decision making process.
7Strategies to improve selective attention-Relevant practice
-Referring to past experience
-Specific cues
-Making stimuli meaningful
-Varying practice
-Mental rehearsal
8Long-term memoryThe permanent retention of information through repetition or rehearsal.
Potentially unlimited capacity and duration.
Used to make comparisons with similar experiences based on the current situation.
9Strategies to improve LTM-Improving the capacity of STM
-Relevant practice
-Mental rehearsal
-Meaningful information
-Reinforcement
10Reaction timeThe time taken between the onset of stimulus and the initiation of response.
Factors affecting the speed of a performers reaction time:
-Age
-Gender
-Fatigue levels
-Intensity of the stimulus
-Probability of stimulus
-Presence of warning signals
-Body temperature
-Arousal level
-Anticipation
11Simple reaction timeInvolves one stimulus and one possible response.
12Choice reaction timeInvolves the performer being presented with numerous stimuli, each with a different response.
Occurs in all open skills, causing the performer to make a decision based on past experience.
13Response timeThe time taken from the onset of the stimulus to the completion of the movement.
Strategies to improve response time:
-Relevant practice
-Mental rehearsal
-Altering intensity of stimulus
-Improving selective attention
14Movement timeThe time taken between the start of the movement and its completion.
15Spatial and Temporal anticipationSpatial anticipation:
Involves the performer predicting what will happen.
Temporal anticipation:
Involves the performer predicting when the action will happen.
16Hick's LawSuggests that reaction time will increase in linear fashion as the amount of information to be processed increases.
This has great implications for the quality of performance.
17Psychological refractory period(PRP) refers to the period of time during which the response to a second stimulus is significantly slowed because a first stimulus is still being processed.
18Single channel hypothesisSuggests that the information-processing system in the brain is structured as a single channel that, so can only deal with a single stimulus and response at a time.
19Open loop controlThis theory states the following:
Decisions are made in the brain.
All information for one movement is sent in a single message.
The message is received by the muscles which perform the movement.
Feedback may or may not be available but it doesn't control the action
This theory accounts well for fast continuous movements (e.g. a golf swing), although it does not work so well for slower movements which may involve reactions and repositioning (such as a gymnast on the balance beam).
20Closed loop controlOn the other hand, this theory explains slow movements well but not fast movements.
Decisions are made in the brain.
Not all of the information is sent together.
Information is received by the muscles to initiate the movement.
Feedback is always available and is vital to correct movement patterns and adjust to changing needs.

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Description: AS - Level PE (AS Level) Flashcards on Chapter 8-Information Processing , created by Ellie Shuter on 23/11/2015.
Created by: Ellie Shuter
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