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Description
Flashcards by Alfie Moorhead, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Alfie Moorhead
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Aim | General statement of why the study is being carried out. |
| Null Hypothesis | An assumption that there is no relationship between the variables eg. no relationship between age and intelligence |
| Directional hypothesis (One-Tailed) | States the kind of relationship between two conditions. E.g. People who do homework without the TV on produce better results than those who do homework with the TV on. |
| Non-Directional hypothesis (Two-Tailed) | Simply predicts that there will be a difference or relationship between two conditions. E.g. There is a difference between work produced in noisy or silent conditions. |
| Independent Groups Design | Participants are allocated to two or more groups representing different experimental conditions. |
| Matched Pairs Design | Participants are matched in terms of key variables such as age and IQ. |
| Repeated Measures Design | Each participant takes part in every condition under test. |
| Random Sampling | Every member of the target population being tested has an equal chance of being selected. . |
| Opportunity Sampling | Sample of participants produced by selecting people who are most easily available at the time of the study. |
| Volunteer Sampling | Sample of participants produced by a sampling technique that relies solely on volunteers to make up the sample. |
| Behaviour Categories | Dividing a target behaviour into a subset of behaviours. |
| Qualitative Data | Data that express a complete account of what people think or feel. |
| Quantitative Data | Numerical data that represent how much, how long or how many. |
| Open Questions | Questions that allow respondents to provide their own answers rather than select one of those provided; tend to produce qualitative data. |
| Closed Questions | Questions that have a range of answers from which respondents select one; tend to produce quantitative data and are easier to analyse. |
| Operationalisation | Specifying a set of variables that can be measured or manipulated. |
| Independent Variable | Variable made to change by the experimenter. |
| Dependent Variable | Effects of the IV on another variable are observed or measured. |
| Extraneous Variable | Anything other than the IV that could have an effect on the DV and should thus be controlled. |
| Confounding Variable | Variable other than the IV that affected the DV and thus confounded the findings of the study. |
| Pilot Study | Small-scale trial of a study run to test any aspects of the design, with a view to making improvements. |
| Reliability | Measure of consistency both within a set of scores or items and also over time such that it is possible to obtain the same results on subsequent occasions when the measure is used. |
| Internal Validity | Degree to which an observed effect is due to the experimental manipulation rather than other factors such as extraneous variables. |
| External Validity | Degree to which an experimental effect can be generalised to other settings (ecological validity), other people (population validity) and over time (historical validity). |
| Ecological validity | Ability to generalise a research effect in a real life setting. |
| Demand Characteristics | Features of an experiment that makes participants aware of what the researcher expects to find or how participants are expected to behave. |
| Investigator Effects | Anything that the investigator/experimenter does which has an effect on a participant's performance in a study than what was intended. |
| Positive Correlation | A relationship between two co-variables such that as the value of one co-variable increases, the value of the other co-variable increases. |
| Negative Correlation | As one variable increases, the other decreases. |
| Correlation Co-Efficient | A number between -1 and +1 that tells us how closely the co-variables in a correlational analysis are related. |
| Mundane Realism | Study mirrors the real world. |
| Experimental Realism | Extent to which participants take an experiment seriously. |
| Single Blind | Type of research design in which the participant is not aware of the research aims. |
| Double Blind | Research design in which neither the participant nor the experimenter is aware of the condition that an individual participant is receiving. |
| Random Allocation | Random allocating participants to different groups. |
| Lab Experiment | Experiment carried out in a controlled setting and enables the experimenter to draw conclusions about causal relationship between the IV and DV. |
| Field Experiment | Controlled experiment conducted in a natural setting. IV is still manipulated and therefore causal relationships can be demonstrated. |
| Natural Experiment | Research method in which the experimenter cannot manipulate the IV directly, but where it varies naturally and the effect can be observed on a DV. |
| Correlation | Determining the extent of a relationship between two variables. |
| Naturalistic Observation | Research method carried out in a naturalistic setting and investigator observes the behaviours. |
| Controlled Observation | Form of investigation in which behaviour is observed but under controlled conditions. |
| Questionnaire | Research method in which data is collected through the use of written questions. |
| Interview | Research method that involves a face-to-face interaction with another individual. |
| Surveys | Type of research method that could be in the form of a questionnaire but it is not anonymous. |
| Case study | Research method involving detailed study of a single individual, institution or event. |
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