Flashcards
Anatomy and Physiology
Cards in this deck (39)
- 1Name the three sections of the vertebral column and state how many vertebrae they contain?1. Cervical (7)
2. Thoracic (12)
3. Lumbar (5) - 2What are the five functions of the skeleton?1. Movement- bones act as anchors, and muscles pull the bones to cause movement
2. Protection- bones protect vital organs
3. Blood production- bone marrow in long bones produces red and white blood cells
4. Mineral storage- various minerals are stored in the bones
5. Support- enables your body to stand and move, it provides rigidness - 3What is the axial skeleton and what is the appendicular skeleton?The axial skeleton is the cranium to the coccyx including the rib cage.
The appendicular skeleton is the limbs including shoulder girdles and the hips. - 4Give three facts about cartilage?1. It is relatively soft and slightly elastic
2. It is avascular (doesn't have its own blood supply)
3. Cartilage absorbs its nutrients from surrounding capillaries by diffusion - 5Describe hyaline/articular cartilage?Found in freely movable joints. Very strong and absorbs shock withstanding impact. Bluish in colour. Can thicken in response to exercise. Can soak up synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane to improve and reduce friction.
- 6Describe white fibrocartilage?Very dense cartilage, much tougher than hyaline cartilage. Forms the outermost layer at movable joints. It has excellent absorption properties.
- 7Describe yellow elastic cartilage?Soft, pliable, flexible tissue but with a certain level of support.
- 8Describe a long bone and give an example of one found in the human body?Long bones have a long central shaft with a bulbous end that forms parts of joints. Long bones are used as levers for movement and are also used for blood production and mineral storage. Example- femur.
- 9Describe a flat bone and give an example of one found in the human body?Flat bones offer protection for organs, they also provide strong firm anchorage/attachment sites for muscles to enable movement of levers. Example- scapula.
- 10Describe a short bone and give an example of one found in the human body?Short bones are designed for strength and support. They are fairly cubed in shape as they are short on most sides. Example- calcanium.
- 11Describe a irregular bone and give an example of one found in the human body?Irregular bones are irregular in shape, they are often specialised. Example- mandible.
- 12Describe a sesamoid bone and give an example of one found in the human body?Sesamoid bones are designed to reduce friction at joints. They offer protection and are usually encased in a tendon. Example- patella.
- 13What are ligaments?Ligaments are extremely strong/tough bands fibrous material comprised mainly of collagen (a protein). They are non-elastic so once stretched (e.g. after dislocation) they will remain stretched. They are designed to stabalise and strengthen joints. They also prevent unwanted movement in unintended directions/planes.
- 14Name the 8 parts of a synovial joint?1. Synovial membrane
2. Ligament
3. Synovial fluid
4. Articular/hyaline cartilage
5. White fibrocartilage
6. Bursa
7. Fat pad
8. Joint capsual - 15Function of the synovial membrane?Produces synovial fluid and holds the fluid in place by forming a joint capsule.
- 16Function of a ligament?Stops unwanted movement in movable joints and stabilises the joint.
- 17Function of synovial fluid?Lubricates the joint to reduce friction, keeps the joint cool and nourished.
- 18Function of articular/hyaline cartilage and white fibrocartilage?Reduces friction and acts as shock absorbers.
- 19Functions of a bursa?Fluid filled sack (synovial fluid) that provides protection and cushioning.
- 20Functions of a fat pad?Used to fill empty space and acts a little as cushioning.
- 21Functions of the joint capsule?Keeps everything in place inside the joint and contains the fluid.
- 22Name the six types of synovial joints?Saddle joint- bioaxial
Pivot joint- uniaxial
Ball and socket joint- multiaxial
Gliding joint- mainly bioaxial
Hinge joint- uniaxial
Ellipsoid joint- bioaxial - 23Name the types of joint movements?Dorsi flexion and plantar flexion
Inversion and eversion
Supination and pronation
Lateral flexion
Medial rotation and lateral rotation
Abduction and adduction
Horizontal abduction and adduction
Hyper extension, extension and flexion
Flexion and extension
Circumduction - 24Name and describe the three properties of skeletal muscle?Extensibility- ability of skeletal muscle to lengthen while contacting (under load)
Contractility- ability of skeletal muscle to shorten while contracting when stimulated by nerves/hormones
Elasticity- ability of skeletal muscle to return to its normal, relaxed length following a contraction. - 25Name and describe the functions of skeletal muscle?Movement- muscle attach to bones at or around joints by tendons, when muscles lengthen or shorten (pull) movement occurs.
Support and posture- most skeletal muscles, particularly in the legs, core and neck are in a state of fairly static contraction in order to maintain posture, also known as muscle tone.
Heat production- the chemical process of producing energy for movement in the body is an exothermic reaction. - 26Properties of slow twitch fibers?Red
Contract slowly
Aerobic
Endurance based
Can contract repeatedly
Exert less force - 27Properties of fast twitch fibers?White
Contract quickly
Anaerobic
Easily exhausted
Can exert a great force - 28What is an isotonic muscle contraction and what are the two groups it splits into?A moving contraction.
Concentric- shortening while contracting
Eccentric- lengthening while contracting - 29What is an isometric muscle contraction?Remaining static while contracting (neither shortening nor lengthening)
- 30What is an isokinetic muscle contraction?Moving contraction at a constant velocity (carried out on specialised training machines).
- 31Describe connective tissue?Connective tissue encases muscle fibres, groups of muscle fibres and the outside of whole muscle groups. This connective tissue also forms the tendons at each end of the muscle. This tissue is comprised of parallel fibres of collagen. Tendons are extremely strong in tension.
- 32Explain origin of tendons?Skeletal muscles are attached to bones at both ends. One end will be attached to a stable point such as the scapula or the pelvis. This is called the origin, this point remains relatively stable and static during movement. The other to the insertion
- 33Explain insertion of tendons?Skeletal muscles are attached to bones at both ends. One attaches to a bone that moves. This is known as the tendon of insertion, this pulls on the bone near a joint to create movement. The other to the origin.
- 34What are fixator muscles?Fixator muscles stabalise the site of origin of tendons allowing efficient movement to take place. Muscles around the sites of origin can also be referred to as synergist or neutralisers.
- 35Explain agonists and antagonists?Muscles work together in pairs to produce movement. The agonist is the muscle doing the work (also known as the prime mover). In any movement the antagonist is the muscle that has relaxed in order for the agonist to produce the desired movement. The agonist can be utilising either a concentric contraction or an eccentric contraction.
- 36What are the physiological reasons/benefits of warming up?A warm-up helps to prepare the cardiovascular system for exercise by increasing heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output. In addition, it increases body temperature and reduces blood viscosity, making it flow more easily. A warm-up also helps to speed up venous return and initiate the vascular shunt mechanism, which aids in the redistribution of blood during exercise.
- 37What are the physiological reasons/benefits of cooling down?A cool-down following exercise maintains cardio-respiratory functioning. This helps to speed up the recovery process by keeping capillaries and other blood vessels dilated. This enables the muscles to be flushed through with oxygen-rich blood, which helps to remove fatiguing by-products, such as lactic acid and carbon dioxide, which can act on our pain receptors.
- 38Name the four muscles in the quadriceps group?- Vastus intermedius
- Vastus lateralises
- Vastus medialis
- Rectus femoris - 39Name the 3 muscles of the hamstring group?- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
- Biceps femoris
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- AS - Level Physical Education Flashcards on Anatomy and Physiology , created by ellamae gibson on 02/12/2015.
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