Flashcards
Chemistry As level unit 1. 2
Cards in this deck (35)
- 1Relitive Atomic MassThe weighted average of all the isotopes of an atom, Relitive to 1/12 of Carbon 12
- 2Relitive isotopic massMass of one atom of an isotope, Relitive to 1/12 of carbon 12
- 3IsotopesDifferent versions of an element or kind of atom
- 4Mass Spec: bombardmenthigh energy electrons to a gaseous substance, knocking out an electron forming a positive ion, instantly fragmenting into a positive ion and neutral
- 5Mass Spec: accelerationPositive ions accelerated by very high electric potential and passed through slit to form a beam of cations.
- 6Mass Spec: deflectionBeam of ions are deflected by powerful magnetic field. The larger massed ions are deflected less.
- 7Mass Spec: detectionSmaller mass ions deflected first, then heavier ones last, they are deflected into a detector which is paired to a computer, which calculates its mass to charge ratio and compares it to most abundant particle, this is then converted into a % and graph
- 8How to calculate RAM from mass spec graph?(Peak A (M\E) x Relitive abundance) + (Peak b (M/E) x Relitive abundance) (keep doing more if more peaks)
All divided by 100 - 9Calculating Relitive abundanceIf you know mass and RAM of isotopes then use algebra. 1. X 2. 1-X
RAM=peak a X + peak B 1-X - 10Valence electronsElectrons in outer shell
- 11S-Orbital2 electrons
Spherical shape
Start with 1s - 12P orbitals2 electrons but 3 of them so a p orbit holds 6 electrons
Upside down pear shape
Starts at 2p - 13D orbitals2 electrons but 5 of them so a D orbit holds 10 electrons
Starts at 3D - 14Shells1st shell holds 2
2nd holds 8
3rd holds 18 - 15Electron configure chart1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d
Fill with split backwards arrow sign. Include energy on arrow axis - 16Aufbau's principleElectrons always fill lowest energy level first
- 17Paulis excursion principleAll electrons must have opposite spins
- 18Hounds rule of maximum multiplicityElectrons must fill energy levels with parallel spins first
- 19Noble gas notationsUse the last noble gas the carry on the electron configuration from that e.g
[Ne] 3s^3 3p^1 - 20Ionisation energyThe energy needed to remove the outer most electron from an atom or ion.
A(g) -------> A+(g) + e- - 21Value of IE depends on...?More protons- larger the value
More shielding - less value
More distance from electron and nucleus - less value. - 22Second IEAmount of energy required to remove 2nd outermost electron.
A+------> A+2 + e- - 23Forces In AtomsElectrons repel eachother
Electrons attracted to protons
Closer electron is to nucleus = stronger
Repulsion from inner electrons to outer ones - 24Evidence for hunds ruleRelate to IE and the repealing of electron in energy levels.
- 25Electron affinityThe amount of energy required to give an electron to an atom.
A(g) + e- -------> A-(g) - 26Second EAAlways positive
A-(g) + e- --------> A-2 (g) - 27RadioactivitySome isotopes of elements are radioactive.
- 28Short half lifeVery radioactive but decreases very rapidly quickly.
- 29Long half lifeNot very radioactive but a long time.
- 30Alpha raysHelium nuclei
2 protons an 2 neutrons
Few sheets of paper stops it. - 31Beta raysStopped by thin sheet of metal.
- 32Gamma raysThick concrete stops these.
- 33Nuclear fissionSome nuclei fissile. Nucleus absorbs neutron and then breaks into smaller pieces. 2 or 3 neutrons released. Splits into two nuclei. Some energy released.
Chain reaction. - 34Nuclear fusionWhen nucleus of hydrogen isotopes fuse together enormous amounts of energy released. This emergency drives the universe and makes stars(Suns)
- 35ELECTRONEGATIVITY IE EAIncrease across period
Decrease down group
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- AS - Level Chemistry Flashcards on Chemistry As level unit 1. 2, created by baileyharrison18 on 22/12/2015.
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