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| Question | Answer |
| Senescence signs (biological changes due to growing old) | Happens as soon as growth stops -Individuals age at their own rate, effects every part of the body visible and invisible Chronological age less linked to physical age (real age not as linked to how you look) -Variation in appearance, sense, and organ decline within and between persons |
| Primary aging | Inevitable age-related changes. Normative developmental changes Ex. Molecular and cellular changes |
| Secondary aging | Un-inevitable age-related changes (behavior and society related) Ex. Tanning, exposure to noise, stress Many aspects of aging can be slowed or reversed. |
| Physical signs of aging | Skin, thinning of hair and color, yellow nails, height and weight (mid 40's = reduction in height, lost in back), strength of joints and bones (lost in the back of legs first) |
| Middle-age spread | Typical during adulthood. The fat that may accumulate around the areas of the abdomen and buttocks |
| Physical signs of aging continued | Vision: Difficulty viewing close objects (farsightedness). Most adults need reading glasses by their 60's. Harder to see when dark Hearing: Decline starts around age 40. *Men's hearing declines 2x faster than women's What declines first? Sensitivity to pure tones and high pitched speech. Adults can still hear lower-pitched sounds. |
| Health | Cardiovascular system: heart is not as efficient at pumping blood. Arteries narrow, blood pressure usually rises. Lungs: little change in lung capacity until later adulthood Decreases susceptibility to colds, allergies, or flu. If sick, recovery takes longer |
| Chronic disorders | *Arthritis is #1 chronic disorder Disorders = slow onset/long duration GENDER DIFFERENCES: Men have higher incidence of fatal chronic conditions Women have higher incidence of nonfatal chronic conditions |
| Health habits: Exercise | Moderate to vigorous exercise is best. Exercise has been associated with: Cognitive functioning and improved mental health Factors associated with increase in likelihood of exercising: -Personal commitment, addiction. -Supportive friends -Community environment |
| BMI | BMI: Below 18.5 = underweight 25-30 = overweight (66% of adults) 30-20 = obese (33% of adults) 40 and above = morbidly obese (5% of adults) Rates worst for: Ages 45-65 (3 out of 4 are overweight) |
| Health habits: Obesity | Middle adulthood weight gain = 2lbs year Extra weight means at risk for: -Heart disease, diabetes, stroke, arthritis Metabolism slows between 20 and 50 by 1/3 |
| What is intelligence? | Agreement: Some individuals are smarter than others. Spearman= single factor, g (general intelligence) Various abilities, vocabulary, memory, reasoning |
| Cross-sectional research | Intelligence gradually declines during middle adulthood. Younger adults score higher on tests of intelligence. Intelligence peaks in late adolescence/emerging adulthood (20). |
| Longitudinal research (bayley and oden) | Found that intelligence seemed to increase from at least 20 to 36 and even until 50. Why different findings? Difference in design and cross-sectional = cohort effect. More recent generations = score higher on IQ's |
| Flynn effect | Average IQ has risen over past decades, average gain = 15 points International phenomenon, recent cohorts outscore past cohorts Iq tests are re-normed every 15 years. Need to answer more questions right to get the same score Why the flynn effect? Higher edu, technology, smaller family sizes, medical care |
| Cross-sequential research (seattle longitudinal study) | Investigation of individual change and stability in intelligence across the life span. Main abilities tested: -Vocabulary -Inductive reasoning -Verbal memory -Spacial orientation -Number ability -Perceptual speed Middle adulthood: Four of the six intellectual habits highest 1. Vocabulary 2. Verbal memory 3. Inductive reasoning 4. Spatial orientation |
| Measuring health: Mortality | Death, usually refers to the number of deaths each year per 1,000 members of a given population May vary by ethnicity, race, income, place, ect. |
| Measuring health: Morbidity | Refers to illness and impairments of all kinds, acute and chronic, physical and psychological. Morbidity does not necessarily correlate with mortality. |
| Measuring health: Disability | Refers to the difficulty in performing "activities of daily life" because of a "physical, mental, or emotional condition". Ex. people who cannot walk 300 feet without resting. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYS) are one way to measure how impaired a person is because of a disability. |
| Measuring health: Vitality | Refers to how healthy and energetic, physically, intellectually, and socially an individual feels. A person can feel terrific but have a horrible disease. High vitality= a lot of pain. |
| Fluid intelligence | Short-term memory, abstract thought, speed of thinking. Makes learning quick and thorough. Decreases throughout time, age sensitive. Ex. How fast can you press a button? |
| Crystalized intelligence | Reflects accumulated learning. Vocabulary, general information. Ex. Who's the president of the U.S.? Increases over time. Age resistant. These are often off-setting, as one decreases one increases, ect. |
| Three forms of intelligence | Analytic, creative, and practical |
| Analytic intelligence | "Book smarts" Abstract processing, strategy selection, focused attention, information processing, verbal and logical skills. Valuable: In early adulthood |
| Creative intelligence | Intellectual flexibility and innovation. Valuable: life circumstances, change or new challenges |
| Practical intelligence | "Street smarts" Everyday problem solving skills Valuable: Middle adulthood |
| Selective gains and losses | Adults make choices about intellectual development |
| Selective optimization with compensation | Seek balance in lives. Optimize development through compensation. Look for ways to compensate for losses. All abilities= enhanced or diminished depending upon use. (Select certain aspects of intelligence to optimize and ignore the rest). Expertise is one way this is demonstrated. Selective expert= develop some areas and pay less attention to to other areas |
| Expertise | Involves having intense knowledge or understanding of a particular domain. Can be contributed to by: Learning, experience, and effort. Intuitive- accumulated experience helps solve problems Automatic- process information and analyze more efficiently Strategic- Better strategies and shortcuts Flexible- more creative and flexible |
| Erikson's Psychosocial stages of adulthood | Identity vs. Role diffusion (adolescence) Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood) Generatively vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood) Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood) |
| Eric recognized that | Age boundaries in adulthood are flexible and there is movement across the stages. Stages are not entirely orderly and predictable. Many theorists describe the psychosocial needs of adults.. Reach similar conclusions: "Love and work" |
| The social clock | Timetables for parenthood marriage and the like. Once said age 30 was too old to have a kid |
| "Midlife crisis" | Supported period of unusual anxiety, self-reexamination, and sudden transformation that was once widely associated with middle age but that actually had to do more with history than chronological age |
| The big five personality traits | Extroversion: Outgoing, assertive Agreeableness: Kind, helpful, caring, generous Conscientiousness: Organized, conforming, self-disciplined Neuroticism: Anxious, moody, self-punishing, critical Openness: Imaginative, curious, artistic, open |
| Gender convergence | Gender restrictions loosen, men and women may explore opposite feelings and emotions. This could lead to... Gender convergence: Sexes become more similar in manifestation of some traits |
| Why gender convergence? | Biological- Hormone levels may change Cultural- Norms may become less restrictive Psychoanalytic- Men explore "feminine" side and vise versa Historical- "The times are a changing" |
| Generativity vs. Stagnation | Generativity: Productive in a meaningful way, caring for others and giving to the next generation. Common way to satisfy: employment and parenthood Stagnation: Personal impoverishment. Stop growing and developing |
| Work in adulthood | Extrinsic: Salary, pension Intrinsic: Job satisfaction, pride, self-esteem Younger adults want jobs with extrinsic rewards, as adults age they want jobs with intrinsic rewards |
| Social convoy | Individuals who move through life together who guide encourage and socialize each other |
| Marriage | General trend: Satisfaction at first, less for 10 years (CHILDREN), and then more satisfaction throughout middle adulthood years. Marriage in Middle adulthood: Better adjusted, satisfied because children. |
| Divorce | Almost 1 out of 2 end in divorce Most likely to occur within first 5 years. Impact: Reduced income, severed friendships, weakened family ties |
| Re-marriage | About 50% of marriages are re-marriages for at least one spouse. Men more likely to remarry than women. Second marriages = higher risk for divorce |
| Life span and life expectancy | Maximum life span: 120-125 years Average life expectancy: Average number of years age group is likely to live. Today, 77. Has been increasing Males: 74 Females: 80 |
| The young, the old, and the oldest old | The "young" old- 65-74 years. Largest group, healthy active The "old old"- 75-84. Some losses, body and mind The "oldest old"- Dependent on others, illness and injury. Smallest group. |
| The oldest old | Female Higher rates of morbidity and a greater incidence of disability Living in institutions Less likely to be married More likely to have low educational attainment <- most likely to change, are getting greater education |
| Physical development | Skin: First sign of aging, age spots Hair: Correlates with chronological age Body shape and muscles: Shorter and lighter, redistribution of fat. Gone: arms, legs, upper face Appear: Torso, lower face |
| Sensory changes: Vision | Cataracts- thickening of the lens, cloudy distorted vision. Glaucoma- Buildup of fluid in eye, blindness. Drops for eye is cure Senile macular degeneration, no cure. By age 80, 1 in 6 experience |
| Sensory changes: Hearing | Presbycusis: Age-related hearing loss Every adult affected in some way. Tinnitis: Uncorrectable, buzzing or ringing in ears. 10% of older adults. Sometimes will keep T.V. or radio on to drown out buzzing |
| Major body systems | Impacted by past health habits and current health habits and exercise. |
| Theory of aging: Wear and tear | Bodies wear out over time. Women not been pregnant = longer lives Overweight = sick and die early Body parts are able to be replaced |
| Theory of aging: Genetic aging | Inherited life span. Life expectancy has increased. Life span has probably stayed the same. Over time, primary aging influences development |
| Theory of aging: Cellular aging | Normal cell duplication. Allows aging due to errors in duplication. Inexact replications of cells result in aging. |
| Sensing and perceiving | Small reductions- sensitivity, power Less adapt: repeating words, holding an afterimage Sensory threshold: biggest issue. Decline of sensory input to sensory memory. Intellectual handicap: People aren't aware they are missing anything |
| Active memory | Working memory is most impaired. Working memory stores information, processes information. Most likely to decline with age. |
| Long term-memory | Storehouse for all knowledge. Unimpaired in older ages (vocabulary and areas of expertise) What is remembered better over time: Happy events between ages 10 and 30 Emotions of events rather than facts Source amnesia is common, forget who or what is the source of info/knowledge |
| Control processes | Role: "Regulates the analysis and decision making" Planning ahead deficits. Without adequate control processes it is difficult for adults to regulate explicit memory. |
| Explicit memory | Learned information, conscious recall. Memories more difficult to recall, decline with age. Explicit memory becomes impaired. Ex. Driving somewhere but not sure where they are going. |
| Implicit memory | Automatic memory (skills and routines)= unconscious recall Memory may not decline with age. Ex. your ability to walk |
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