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Flashcards

Upper GI tract

Rachael Jones 1. Alimentary and Renal BVSc English 119 cards

Cards in this deck (119)

  1. 1What are the 6 main functions of the mammalian GI tract?Ingestion of food
    Secretion of fluid and digestive enzymes
    Mixing and movement through the body
    Digestion of food into smaller pieces
    Absorption of nutrients
    Excretion of wastes
  2. 2Where is the division from the upper and lower GI tract according to Clinicians?Small intestines
  3. 3What are the 3 sections of the GI tract according to embryologists?Upper
    Mid
    Lower/hind
  4. 4Carnivores have what kind of stomach?Monogastric
  5. 5What is present in the stomachs of monogastric organisms that helps to digest fibrous material?Bacteria
  6. 6Is the break down of fibrous material efficient in monogastric organisms?No
  7. 7In what section of the GI tract does fermentation occur for ruminants?Fore-stomach
  8. 8In what section of the GI tract does fermentation occur for simple- stomached herbivores?Large intestines
  9. 9What is present in the large intestines of simple-stomached herbivores that allows fermentation to occur?Fungi/bacteria
  10. 10Why do herbivores utilise microbial fermentation?Because structural carbohydrates aren't digested by mammalian enzymes.
  11. 11Where is the integrator for all of the energy balance concept?Hypothalamus
  12. 12If there is a behavioural change of hunger, what has stimulated the need to take in calories?Hypothalamus
  13. 13What are the actions taken if there aren't any calories taken in?Decrease in activity
    Decrease in growth repair
    Decrease in cellular metabolism
  14. 14What is an example of a long term energy balance regulated by the hypothalamus?An increase in the amount of the hormone leptin. Increases the amount of white adipose tissue and so dulls the desire to eat.
  15. 15Over a period of time what is stabilised by the amount of leptin and white adipose tissue produced?A stable fat reserve
  16. 16Where are the receptors to the hormone leptin?Hypothalamus
  17. 17Short term regulation of energy balance are regulated by ?The hypothalamus
  18. 18Give an example of what the hypothalamus does to short term regulate the energy balance directly.Regulates the blood glucose concentration/ blood amino acid concentration
  19. 19What does NTS stand for?Nucleus Tractus Solitarius
  20. 20What short term regulations go via the NTS?Stretch receptors in the stomach cause a decrease in ghrelin.
    Small bowel (products of digestion) cause an increase of CCK &GLP-1.
  21. 21What is found in the serosa layer of the GI tract?Peritoneum
  22. 22In what layer are longitudinal and circular musculature found?Muscularis
  23. 23Name 4 things that are found in the submucosa layer.Nerve cell network
    Blood vessels
    Lymph vessels
    Glands
  24. 24What is the function of the muscularis mucosa?Moves villi in the mucosa layer above
  25. 25What does contraction of the muscles in the gut do to the lumen?Make it narrower
  26. 26Name 5 things that are found in the Lamina Propria.Epithelium
    Connective tissue
    Venule
    Nerve
    Arteriole
    Lymphatic
  27. 27What makes up the mucosa section with lamina propria?Muscle layer (muscularis mucosa)
  28. 28Where are submucosal glands found in the gut?Early in the small intestines
  29. 29What is the function of submucosal glands?Secrete bicarbonate ions to help neutralise the solution that has come from the stomach. (Make it slightly alkaline)
  30. 30What 3 things help to increase the surface area of the gut for absorption and secretion?Large ridges (folding of mucosa)
    Villi
    Microvilli
  31. 31How often are the cells that line the surface of the gut regenerated?Every 2/3- 7 days
    (longest 1 week survival)
  32. 32What type of epithelium are found lining the small intestines?Columnar epithelial cells with a brush border (microvilli)
  33. 33What can't be resolved using a light microscope but comes out looking fuzzy?Microvilli
  34. 34What type of cell, which are found within the epithelium cells, secrete mucous into the gut?Goblet cells
  35. 35Where would lymph vessels be found within a villi?In the centre
  36. 36What is the function of epithelium cells that are found within the crypt of the small intestine?Secretion
  37. 37What is the function of epithelium cells that are found within the villi of the small intestine?Absorption
  38. 38Where are the epithelium cells mad in the small intestines?Crypt
  39. 39Over 24 hours how much will the GI tract secrete and absorb back from it?Many times the blood volume
  40. 40All the secretion and absorption is said to what the food in the gut?Wash
  41. 41What is the substance that is secreted by the crypt epithelium?Mainly plasma like substance
  42. 42What happens to the villi that are present in the lumen of the gut when pathogens damage them?Blunt them (shorten them) which reduces their absorptive function.
  43. 43What is caused by the blunting of the villi in the small intestines?Diarrhoea, due to the villi not being able to absorb substances the same.
  44. 44What happens to the epithelium as they migrate from the crypt to the villi?Change the function. Go from being secretive to absorptive.
  45. 45What organ do all of the veins, within the abdomen, drain back through?Liver
  46. 46What does the liver do to the blood before it goes back into circulation?Removes things out of the portal blood that shouldn't make it into the circulation.
  47. 47Do short or long reflexes stay contained within the nervous control of the gut?Short
  48. 48Long reflexes go out to the CNS which allows it to?Alter the neural drive of the gut
  49. 49Name 3 parts of the nervous system that helps to coordinate functions of the gut.CNS
    ANS
    Enteric (nervous tissue within the wall of the gut)
  50. 50Apart from the nervous system, name 2 other systems that help to coordinate the function of the gut.Paracrine substances (act locally)
    Hormones (secreted into the blood and act systemically)
  51. 51What does the CNS directly innervate within the GI tract?Nerve plexus
    Salivary glands
    Pancreas
    Liver
    Stomach
    (Fore stomach of ruminants functionally reliant on ANS)
  52. 52What are the 4 sections of a simple stomach?Cardia
    Fundus
    Corpus/Body
    Pylorus
  53. 53What are the gastric pits/deep invaginations for?Increases surface area for secretion
  54. 54What is above the epithelial surface of the stomach?Stomach cavity
  55. 55Why do different species have different shaped stomachs?Reflects the diet and habits of the animal.
  56. 56What do parietal cells secrete in the stomach?Acid (HCl)
  57. 57What do chief cells secrete in the stomachPepsin
  58. 58What secretes hormones into the stomach?Endocrine cells
  59. 59From the top to the bottom of the gastric pits, give the order of cells that will be found. (inside of stomach to outside)Mucin producing cells
    Parietal cells
    ECl cells
    Chief cells
    Endocrine cells and scattered through the pits
  60. 60What are the 2 functions of the stomach?Cytostatic
    Initial digestion of protein
  61. 61What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?Cephalic
    Gastric
    Intestinal
  62. 62Which of the 3 phases of gastric secretion is regulated by the autonomic (vagus)?Cephalic
  63. 63What occurs during the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?Start to feel hungry (a smell etc.)
    secretion would start due to regulation by the brain.
  64. 64Which phase include stretch receptors directly stimulating gastrin release and so stimulating a reflex?Gastric phase
  65. 65As well as the stretch receptors, what else can cause the gastric phase to be initiated?Products of digestion, causing the release of gastrin
  66. 66The intestinal phase is the movement of food from where to where?Stomach to the small intestines
  67. 67What causes the signals to be amplified with the gastric phase?Food
  68. 68What are the 3 receptors needed for stimulation of the parietal cell secretion?ACh -from vagus nerve
    Gastrin -from GI cells (vagus and mechanically stimulated)
    Histamine- from ECL cells (gastrin stimulated)
  69. 69What is the proper term used to describe the receptors that work together to secrete more?Synergistically
  70. 70What are the 2 things that are able to physiologically inhibit parietal cell secretion?Somatostatin (gut hormone)
    Low pH
  71. 71How does a low pH inhibit the secretion from parietal cells?Inhibits the release of gastrin (negative feedback)
  72. 72What are 2 pharmacological inhibitions of parietal cell secretion?Histamine receptor (type 2) blockage (Zantac)
    Proton Pump inhibitors
  73. 73Which is the most modern pharmacological way to inhibit the secretion of parietal cells?Proton pump inhibitors
  74. 74If the potassium channels in the apical membrane of the parietal cell is blocked what will happen to the acid (HCl) secretion?It will be greatly reduced due to potassium ions being obligatory.
  75. 75What is the function of mucus and bicarbonate secretion?Protection
  76. 76Will bicarbonate ions diffuse through the mucus layer?No
  77. 77What is the pH gradient across the mucus layer form the top of the cells to the inside of the stomach?pH7- pH2
  78. 78What is mucus?Thick sticky substance, that is a glycoprotein.
  79. 79Glycoproteins are resistant to what?Enzymes
  80. 80Where does the HCO3/Cl exchange occur?With the blood
  81. 81What secretion do catecholamines (stress) and aspirin (and other non-steroidal drugs) depress?Mucus and bicarbonate
  82. 82What is the contractile tissue in the GI tract?Smooth muscle
  83. 83What is motility?The region specific patterns of contraction
  84. 84What does motility relate to?The function of the section of the GI tract (mixing, propulsion)
  85. 85What regulates and coordinates the motility?Enteric NS, hormones, ANS
  86. 86What causes the smooth muscle to contract and relax within the GI tract?Change in membrane potential
  87. 87What does this definition describe? "Involuntary and forceful removal of contents of stomach and small bowel via the oral cavity"Vomiting (emesis)
  88. 88What is the technical term for vomiting?Emesis
  89. 89What does CTZ stand for?Chemical trigger zone
  90. 90Where is the vomiting centre located?Medulla
  91. 91What do psychological factors travel along to get to the vomiting centre?Cerebral cortex
  92. 92Opiates, anaesthetics, ipec and urea go through where and then to the vomiting centre?CTZ
  93. 93The vagus nerve takes what to the vomiting centre?Bacterial, viral toxins/ distension
  94. 94The vestibular apparatus is the intermediate for what to the vomiting centre?Motion or infection
  95. 95What are 3 divisions of cause of vomiting?Normal physiology
    Chemical
    Pathology
  96. 96What are 2 reasons for normal physiology of vomiting?Normal voiding of indigestible items from stomach (eg hair, bone)
    Over-distension of the stomach
  97. 97What species does over distension of the stomach normal occur?Dog
  98. 98What are the 2 forms of the chemical division?Iatrogenic (medicine)
    Intoxication (pathogens)
  99. 99What are the most commonly used drugs to make you vomit?Opioids
  100. 100Name an enteric pathogen.Worms (eg heart worm)
  101. 101What form of chemical division acts from within the lumen or centrally (after absorption)?Bacterial or viral toxins
  102. 102What is a portosystemic shunt?Blood bypassing the liver and going straight into the systemic circulation
  103. 103Name 4 pathological reasons for vomiting?Inflammation or ulceration of the stomach
    Elevated blood urea or ammonia
    Infections of GI tract
    Blockade of the small or large bowel
  104. 104Elevated blood urea or ammonia from the liver or kidney origin is indicative of?Portosystemic shunt (PPS)
  105. 105Which species are unable to vomit?Rodents
    Horses
    Rabbits
    Foxes (?)
  106. 106Which species is unable to vomit for partly anatomical reasons?Horses
  107. 107What species are unable to vomit partly due to neuroanatomical reasons?Rodents
  108. 108What is the anatomical reason for horses not being able to vomit?The stomach is in a position in the abdomen that makes it difficult to aspirate.
  109. 109What does it mean by saying that rodents can't vomit due to neuroanatomical reasons?They have lost the ability to through evolution.
  110. 110Give 4 examples of emetics.Apomorphine
    Xylazine
    Hydrogen peroxide
    Syrup of ipecac
  111. 111Give 4 examples of anti-emitics.Metoclopramide
    Maropitant
    Atropine
    Scopolamine
  112. 112During vomiting, what generates the required pressure?Abdomen
  113. 113What are the 3 main divisional consequences of vomiting?Physiological
    Behavioural
    Pancreatitis
  114. 114What are the 2 main sections of the physiological consequence of vomiting?Significant fluid loss (dehydration and cardiovascular impairment)
    Loss of acid (body increasingly alkaline/metabolic alkalosis)
  115. 115What is an example of a behavioural change due to vomiting?Avoidance of a certain food
  116. 116How can the avoidance of food be used to train?Add an emetic to the specific food item and then repeated vomiting from the same food will cause a block to that food.
  117. 117What species is pancreatitis quite common in?Cats
  118. 118How can pancreatitis be diagnosed?Presence of pancreatic enzymes in the blood.
  119. 119How does pancreatitis occur?Results from reflux of the contents into the pancreatic duct due to high abdominal pressure.

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BVSc 1. Alimentary and Renal (Physiology) Flashcards on Upper GI tract, created by Rachael Jones on 23/01/2016.
Created by
Rachael Jones · Jan 2016
Updated
Apr 6, 2018
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