Flashcards
energy
Cards in this deck (108)
- 1flow resources-renewable resources
- 2stock resources-non renewable resources
- 3resourceany part of environment used to meet human needs
- 4reservepart of a resource available for use
- 5sustainable developmentdevelopment which meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
- 6electricity-energy created by a primary energy source
-national grid supplies UK - 7fossil fuelsoil, natural gas, coal
formed from plants and animal remains in previous geological periods
-non renewbale - 8primaryraw energy sources use to produce secondary energy
oil, natural gas - 9secondarymanufactured sources of power such as electricity or petroleum
- 10geopoliticsthe study of the relationships between a country and the rest of the world
- 11globalisationclose economic interdependence between leading nations of world trade investment and cooperative commercial relationships
- 12opecorganisation of petroleum exporting countries
set up 1960s- to coordinate trade and production policies regarding oil
13 member countries - 13tncstrans-national cooperation's
-large countries operating in more than one country - 14carbon tradingrich, economically developed countries
-can buy carbon credits from poorer countries by helping them - 15Kyoto protocol-1997
-agreement by most developed countries EXCEPT USA
-aim was to cut harmful emissions by 5% by 2012 - 16critical resources-renewables if carefully managed
EG wood need to replant so it can be replaced at the same rate as use - 17solar-energy from sunlight captured in solar panels and converted into electricity
- 18advantages of solarpotentially infinite supply
clean source of energy
single dwelling has an energy supply - 19disadvantages of solar-expensive to manufacture and place
-sun doesn't shine all the time
-useless at night
-hard to store surplus energy - 20windwind turbines turn wind energy into electricity
- 21advantages of windpotentially infinite energy supply
- 22disadvantages of wind-expensive to manufacture
-some locals object to turbines due to noise and visual pollution - 23tidalthe movement of tides drives turbines. tidal barrage like a dam built forces water through the gaps
- 24advantages of tidalideal for islands
can double as a bridge
tides are regular
help prevent flooding - 25disadvantages to tidal-construction is expensive
opposed by environmentalists - 26geothermalnatural heat of earth in volcanic regions- cold water pumped under ground- comes out as steam-can be used to heat/power turbines
- 27advantages to geothermalpotential infinite supply
not dependant on weather - 28disadvantages to geothermal-expensive
-only works in areas of volcanic activity
-volcanic activity may calm down - 29wavemovement of seawater in and out of a cavity on the shore
compressed trapped air, driving a turbine - 30advantages of wave-ideal for islands
-small local operations (NOT NATIONAL SCALE) - 31disadvantages to wave-expensive
-local/environmentalist may oppose
-can block shipping routes
-interfere with marine life
-strength of waves can vary - 32biomassdecaying plant and animal waste (organic) can be turned to provide energy
- 33advantages of biomass-cheap and readily available
-if replaced can be long term and sustainable energy source - 34disadvantages to biomass-when burned gives off pollutants
-including greenhouse gases
-biomass is only renewable if crops are replanted - 35fuelwoodobtained from felling trees, burned to generate heat and light
- 36advantages of fuel wood-cheap and readily available
-if trees replaced it can be a long term sustainable energy source - 37disadvantages to fuelwood-when burned gives off pollutants
-if trees are not replanted then it is non-renewable resource - 38hydroelectric powerenergy harnessed from movement of water through rivers, lakes and dams
-using power of falling water in rivers to drive generators - 39advantages of HEPcreates water reserves and energy supplies
can prevent flooding
manage draughts - 40disadvantages of HEP-expensive to build
-can flood surrounding area
-limited number of suitable rivers
-may force resettlement
-animals migration may be disrupted - 41why has demand and consumption of energy grown dramatically worldwide over the last 200 years-larger population
-increased personal wealth
technology
-increased demand for labour saving devices
-increased use of fossil fuels
more transport jet engines - 42factors impacting energy useindustry
economy
climate
social/environmental awareness - 43how may industry impact energy consumptionheavy primary industry
eg mining
lots of enrgy used
tertiary industry not used a lot - 44how may economy impact energy consumptionHIC=richer people, more disposable income=able to pay for energy using devices=using more energy
LIC=poorer people=less money=cant afford energy using devices=use less energy
remote areas - 45how may climate impact energy consumptionhot=aircon, more energy used
cold=heating
temperature=less energy needed for heating and cooling devices - 46how may social/environmental awareness effect energy consumptionhigh awareness=use less energy GERMANY
low=use what they want USA - 47where are most of the world's oil reservesmiddle east
saudi Arabia posses 25%
around 40 years of proven reserves - 48worlds largest oil consumerusa
- 49in 1970s how much of worlds oil exports did opec control90%
now only control 50% - 50where are coal reserves availableavailable in almost every country
recoverable in approx. 70 countries - 51top 5 coal exporting countriesAustralia 231m tonnes
Indonesia
Russia
south Africa
china - 52top 5 coal importing countriesjapan 178m tonnes
south korea
Taiwan
uk
Germany - 53what % of the worlds electricity does coal produce?40%
- 54what % of USAs total energy comes from coal50%
- 55which country holds the worlds largest gas reservesRussia 38%
- 56what are the problems with natural gas-low share of international trade due to high transport costs
-natural gas is complex, requires enormous investment - 57why did nuclear energy lose support in developed countriesfollowing
1979- 2 mile island USA
1986- CHERNOBYL UKRAINE - 58how many people rely on fuelwood for cooking?2.5 billion
- 59what problems can come about from fuelwood gatheringdeforestation
habitat loss
soil erosion - 60key issues of fuelwood crisissocial-smoke pollution in homes, increase lung disease
economic-subsidence collectors travel further for fuel=less time-soil erosion=less productivity
environmental-commercial cutting often illegal and unsustainable - 61what causes acid rainsulphur dioxide released when fossil fuels are burnt
nitrogen oxides released when fossil fuels are burnt
wind can blow it across the world to different countries - 62what are the effects of acid rain-building damaged by chemical weathering
-effects fish (Scotland loss £25m per through acid rain infected fish
-trees damaged (black forest 60%)
-forest loss (Austria 3 million ha in 1992) - 63how can acid rain be managed to reduce impacts-wash coal before burning
-catalytic converter
-coal containing sulphur
-scrubbers (chemically remove CO2)
-using other sources of electricity - 64how is nuclear generation different to fossil fuelswater heated differently, fossil fuels, burnt, nuclear power uses fission of uranium to generate HEAT
- 65which factors need to be consider when disposing of nuclear wastegeology
unemployment
land availability
transport links
design features (tech necessary) - 66benefits of nuclear power-low co2 emissions (global warming)
-low toxic waste released
-large energy from small fuels
-means they're less vulnerable to shortages
-uranium evenly distributed
-almost no sulphur produced
-have better management and safety systems to avoid future disasters - 67disadvantages of nuclear power-waste is highly radioactive
-storage is expensive and temporary
-accidents can occur
-resources are infinite
-decommissioning power stations is expensive
-no long term solution with waste
-transportation of waste is risky
-vulnerable to terrorist attacks - 68how does a wave power station work?1.wave capture chambers set into rock face
2.tidal power forces water into chamber
3.air alternatively compressed and decompressed "oscillating water column'
4.rushes of air drive the wells turbine creating power - 69nuclear power the uk-uk needs to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and is becoming increasingly concerned about climate change
-considering new locations possible for power stations (£1.2 bn each) - 70uk primary energy mixgas:38%
oil:35%
solid fuels:16%
nuclear:9%
renewbales:2%
coal decrease in importance by 40% since 1990s
gas increased due to discovery in the north sea 1990 - 71renewables in the ukHEP: large scale in Scottish highlands most sights now used up, small scale on all uk streams and rivers=3%
BIOMASS-82% of renewables in UK. most generated from landfill gas and waste combustion
WIND:2007- turbines 1796, enough to supply 400,000 households, gov currently purpose increase offshore wind farms
15% renewables by 2020 - 72problems in nepal-high precipitation and snowmelt
-major deforestation 29% forest cover still there
-no interception= surface run off
-87% domestic energy from fuelwood
-women now travel further to find wood - 73solutions in nepal-biogas cookers in rural areas
-methane from cows used in stoves
-waste from cows used as a fertiliser
-helpful as fuelwood gives off harmful smoke= respiratory issues
-now no smoke produced so less health issues - 74problems in the sahel-dry region- even drier due to deforestation
-deforestation= no roots to bind to soil=exposed= soil erosion
-salinization- salts drawn out by hot temperatures
-increasingly likely crops will fail
-lack of rainfall since 1970s
-famine - 75solutions in the sahel--tree planting schemes
-magic stones- retain moisture
-solar cookers- reduces communities dependency on fuelwood - 76BP's business model1.finding oil and gas
2.developing and extracting resources
3.transporting and trading
-manufacturing fuel and products
5.marketing fuels and products
also investing in renewable energy - 77BP's major refinery locations-1971 cherry point, Washington processed large share of Alaska's oil
-Toledo, Ohio 1919
-Whiting, Indiana 1889 - 78how much do BP plan to invest into renewable energy$8 billion
over 10 years
already invested $7 billion since 2005 - 79BP's major alternative energy development areas-creating ethanol from sugar cane in Brazil (biofuels)
-wind energy in the USA - 80main countries BP operate withinuk
usa
india - 81what are BP doing in Iraqworking towards making Rumalia oil field the worlds 2nd largest
signed contract with government in 2009- 98% profits will go to Iraq's economy - 82what are BP doing in angolaworking with Agostinho University
-maximise amount of fully qualified future professionals
postgrad programme=masters of law degree in oil and gas launched in 2007 - 83BP's problems (accidents)-Alaska 2009-pipeline leaked (46,00 gallons of oil and water onto tundra
-gulf of mexico- deepwater horizon ( (887 days, in early stages of breeding season, BP payed 1st year of clean up 200 million - 84what are BP exploringangola, Alaska
-new resources in- Eygpt, Russia, Alaska
-most exploration in LEDCS
-refineries in safe places (USA, Australia) no likely interruption - 85solar power in RIZHAO CITY-most traffic signs, street and park lights powered by PV cells
-99% of homes have solar water heaters
-30% in suburbs
-over 6000 homes have solar cooking facilities - 86geopolitics Russia and Ukraine-Gazprom control 94% Russia's gas production
-2004-05 80% ran through Ukraines
-Gazprom prices from $50 to $230 per 1000m3
-Ukraine accused of stealing $25m worth of gas
-Gazprom cut Ukraine's supplies on 1st Jan 2006
-4th Jan dispute ended- prices set for 6 months - 87city of Calgary water centresouth facing windows
lights have motion sensors
windows & shape conserve heat in winter
overhang roof=heat out in summer
reduced annual energy consumption by 58% - 88oak tree house-reduced co2 emissions by 82% and energy consumption by 52%
features: solar array on garage roof (50% energy)
energy efficient light bulbs
movement sensors
cavity wall
insulation
scheme cost £12 million - 89MBUIRU village appropriate technologykenya
small scale HEP
belongs to villagers
generates 18kw (light 90 homes)
system will eventually benefit 200 homes - 90chad-12.83 million (80% below poverty line)
-life expectancy= 51
-one of poorest and least developed countries
-main energy source=oil and biomass
-exports 102,640 barrels crude oil a day as it cant refine its own
-fuelwood threatened due to overcutting, lack of effective policies over production, few incentives for rural conservation
0.0005 per person energy consumption - 91chad- Cameroon pipeline project1070km long
-transports crude oil from 3 fields in SW chad to floating facility 11km off Cameroon coast
-1st oil in July 2003
-13,000 locals in both countries employed - 92problems chad- Cameroon pipeline projectchad didn't honour the agreement to use revenue to fight poverty
- 93chad household energy project-June 2nd 1998-June 30th 2004
-to provide affordable, sustainable energy, aims to optimise wood use, protect environmental sustainability, generate income
-limit wood cuttings, villages had ownership
-sustainable wood fuel + charcoal supply achieved in 100 villages. $6m success - 94Norway5m population
life expectancy 81.6
main energy sources: oil, gas, HEP
energy consumption high (6.2 pp)
energy consumption highest in world
large oil and gas reserves under north sea
all gas supplies exported
one of the highest fuel prices in Europe to persuade use of sustainable resources - 95norways oil fund$16bn a week from profits and taxes from oil and gas industry
fund has on average 1% worlds shares in Europe
2% of oil listed companies - 96norways's HEP2003- 16% worlds electricity from HEP
-Norway produces 99% of its domestic electricity
-50% overall from HEP
-natural lakes at high altitudes and lots of rain= good conditions for production
-largest HEP producer in Europe
-6th largest worldwide - 97how to make energy in the home more sustainabledouble/triple glazing
cavity wall insulation
energy efficient boilers
electronics which turn themselves off
large south facing windows- heat and light
energy saving appliances - 98how to make transport more sustainable-hydrogen fuel buses
-electronic buses
-hybrid fuel vehicles (mixture of 2 fuels)
-bicycles instead
-park and ride systems
-congestion charges encouraging public transport - 99mass transit systems solution for congestionwhat: low cost public transport systems from suburbs to city
BENEFITS: more passengers than buses, electric=less noise and air pollution, better for disabled users
PROBLEMS:fewer stops than buses, expensive to run and keep up, safety issues for passengers at night - 100example of mass transit systems solution to congestionMANCHESTER METRO LINK
opened 1992
STATIONS: 18 on conventional rail network, 6 on street level in city centre. interchange facilities at Manchester's mainline railway stations (Victoria)
OPERATES: at 5 min intervals peak times at 12-15 mins less busy times
EFFECTS: 19 million journeys a year leading to 3.5mn car journeys a year - 101congestion charging solution to congestionsince 2003
WHAT:charging to drive through centeral London congestion zone (£11.5)
WHY:BC London had uks most traffic congestion, income used to replace and upgrade buses
AIM:encourage public transport - 102congestion charging solution to congestion EFFECTStraffic fallen by 21%
bus passengers increased by 45%
road traffic accidents reduced by 5%
bike use increased b y12%
co2 and nitrates oxides emissions fallen by 12% - 103examples of low emission vehicles1st: Toyota prius
others: BMW I3, Volkswagen golf
BMW I3: lightweight carbon fibre, led bulbs, 30% reduced consumption, batteries last 10 years, exploring ways to reuse batteries in factories so that they can store electricity - 104low emission vehicles solution to pollutionwhat:hybrid, hydrogen, electric and vehicles which run on biofuel=less co2 and sulphur dioxide
EG:singapore- hydrogen buses (hydrogen and lithium battery) only waste product is water
PROBLEMS: expensive, difficult to refuel, electricity power it is generated by fossil fuels, which contribute to global warming - 105York park and ride scheme solution to congestionwhat:park car, get on bus, stops near York outer ring roads
buses every 10 minutes during day, low floor, easy access for wheel chairs an dprams
COSTS: single £1.80, day £2.30, parking=free
EFFECTS: reduction of cars 5.8%, reduced noise,air and perceptions of danger - 106boris bikesWHAT:londons mayor launched city bike hire scheme
10,000 bikes, docking stations, 12 cycle super highways
COSTS:£140mn-Barclays sponsored £25mn
30 mins of hire are free - 107boris bikes effectsscientists at Cambridge belief its had a good impact on health of Londoners
reduced air pollution
health benefits outweigh risks of cycling in the city - 108financial incentives solution for congestionwhat:vehicle excise duty (road tax)
costs:depend on type of fuel used and co2 level emissions produced
largest engines £300 a year
EXEMPT:small engines, hybrid electric, battery electric, fuel cell electric cars
GRANTS:25% off cost of car up to £5000
20% off costs of van up to £8000
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- A-Level Geography Flashcards on energy, created by las1365 on 11/03/2016.
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