Flashcards
BioChem Exam 2 terms
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- 1HemoglobinA protein that efficiently carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and contributes to the transport of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions back to the lungs.
- 2MyoglobinA protein like hemoglobin that does not efficiently transport oxygen to the blood because of its high affinity for oxygen.
- 3Allosteric EnzymeRegulation of an enzyme by effector molecule that binds to a site other than the enzyme's active site.
- 4Cooperative EffectEnhanced activity through cooperation between sub-units of an allosteric molecule.
- 5hemeThe prosthetic group found in both hemoglobin and myoglobin that binds to oxygen.
- 6ProtoporphyrinThe organic compound that makes up the heme group.
- 7Proximal HistidineThe histidine residue found occupying the fifth coordination site in hemoglobin and myoglobin.
- 8Fifth and Sixth Coordination SitesBinding sites within the heme plane that can be formed by the iron ion.
- 9Distal HistidinePrevents the oxidation of the heme iron ion to the ferric ion, which cannot bind oxygen, and also reduces the ability of carbon monoxide to bind to the heme.
- 10Alpha and Beta Sub-units (Hemoglobin)Sub-units that make up the hemoglobin quaternary structure.
- 11T StateLess biochemically active state.
- 12R StateMore biochemically active state.
- 13Alpha-Beta DimersA pair of alpha beta sub-units
- 142,3-BPG2,3-biophosphoglycerate.
An allosteric regulator molecule that reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. - 15Fetal HemoglobinHemoglobin expressed by fetuses that is made of of two alpha chains and two gamma chains.
- 16Sickle-Cell AnemiaA mutation in hemoglobin that causes for the red blood cell to sickle and loose its integrity.
- 17Bohr EffectThe regulation of oxygen binding by hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide.
- 18CarbamateFormed by the reaction of carbon dioxide with the terminal amino groups.
- 19Carbonic Anhydrasea enzyme found abundantly in red blood cells to facilitate the formation of bicarbonate from carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
- 20MonosaccharideAldehydes or Ketones that have two or more hydroxyl groups ; Monomers that make up polysaccharides.
- 21Ketosea keto containing group
- 22Aldosean aldehyde containing group
- 23EnantiomerMolecules which are mirror images of each other.
- 24Diasterioisomerisomers that are not mirror images of each other.
- 25IsomerMolecules having the same molecular formula but different structures.
- 26EpimerMolecules that differ at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms.
- 27AnomerIsomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom formed at ring closure. (E.g. alpha-D-Glucose vs. beta-D-Glucose)
- 28Reducing SugarA sugar that can act as a reducing agent by donating its electrons to another chemical species.
- 29Non-reducing SugarA sugar that cannot act as a reducing agent.
- 30Fehling's solutionSolutions of cupric ion that is used to determine the presence of reducing sugars.
- 31O-Glycosidic bondA bond formed between the anomeric carbon atom of a sugar and the oxygen atom of an alcohol
- 32N-Glycosidic bondA bond formed between the anomeric carbon of a sugar and the nitrogen atom of an amine.
- 33OligosaccharideThe linkage of two or more monosaccharides by O-glycosidic bonds.
- 34GlycosyltransferaseAn enzyme which catalyzes the formation of glycosidic bonds.
- 35DisaccharideConsists of two sugars joined together by an O-glycosidic bond.
- 36PolysaccharideLarge polymeric oligosaccharides, formed by the linkage of multiple monosaccharides.
- 37HomopolymerWhen all of the monosaccharide units in a polysaccharide are the same.
- 38GlycogenMost common homopolymer that is the storage form of glucose ; branched polymer of glucose residues linked by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds and the branches are formed by alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds
- 39AmyloseUnbranched type of starch ; consist of glucose residues in alpha-1,4-linkage
- 40AmylopectinA branched form of starch ; consists of alpha-1,6 linkage every 30 alpha-1,4 linkage
- 41CelluloseA major polysaccharide that serves a structural role ; unbranched polymer of glucose resides joined by beta-1,4 linkages.
- 42GlycoproteinA carbohydrate group covalently attached to a protein ; components of cell membranes
- 43ProteoglycansA class of glycoprotein where the protein component is conjugated to a glycosaminoglycan. ; Carbohydrates make up a larger percentage by weight ; serve as lubricants
- 44Mucin (Mucoproteins)Predominately carbohydrate ; N-Acetylgalactosamine ; key componnet of mucus and serves as a lubricant
- 45GlucosaminoglycansLong unbranched polysaccharide consisting of a repeating dissacharide unit ; consists of a protein sugar along with either glucose or a uronic sugar
- 46LysosomeOrganelles that degrade and recycle damaged cellular components or material brought into the cell by endocytosis
- 47LectinGlycan-binding proteins that bind specific carbohydrate structures on neighbouring cell surfaces
- 48SelectinA class of lectins that bind immune-system cells to sites of injury in the inflammatory response
- 49Fatty Acidschains of hydrocarbons which terminate with carboxylic acid groups
- 50TriacylglycerolStorage for of Fatty Acids ; formed by the attachment of three fatty acid chains to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages (by esterification)
- 51PhospholipidConstructed from one or more fatty acids, a platform for which the fatty acids are attached, a phosphate and an alcohol attached to the phosphate.
- 52SphingosineA complex alcohol that can serve as a platform for fatty acid attachment in a phospholipid.
- 53PhosphoglyceridePhospholipids composed of a glycerol backbone.
- 54SphingomyelinPhospholipids composed of a sphingosine backbone ; the amino group of the sphingosine backbone is linked to the fatty acid by an amide bond.
- 55Glycolipidsugar containing lipids ; play a role in cell-cell interactions
- 56Cerebrosidea glycolipid containing a single sugar residue (glucose/galactose)
- 57GangliosideMore complex glycolipids
- 58CholesterolA steroid ; esterified to a fatty acid for storage and transport
- 59Amphipathic MoleculeMolecules containing both hydrophilic and a hydrophobic moeity.
- 60TranslationProtein Synthesis
- 61Genetic CodeThe relation between the sequences of bases in DNA and the sequence of amino acids in proteins.
- 62CodonA group of three bases encoding for an amino acid
- 63transfer RNA (tRNA)serves as the adaptor molecule between the codon and its specified amino acid.
- 64Anticodon Loopa feature of the tRNA
- 65Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetaseCatalyzes the activation of amino acids
- 66RibosomeThe molecular machines that coordinate the interplay of charged tRNAs, mRNA and proteins, that results in protein synthesis.
- 6750S subunitlarge subunit
- 6830S subunitsmall subunit
- 69PolysomeA group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA
- 70Shine-Dalgarno sequenceA purine rich sequence contained within the initiator region
- 71Initiation FactorIF1 & IF3 bind to the 30S subunit to prevent premature joining of the 30S and 50S subunits. IF2 binds GTP and associates with formylmethionyl-tRNA. This IF2-GTP-initiator-tRNA complex binds with mRNA and the 30S subunit to form a 30S initiation complex
- 72Elongation-Factor Tu (EF-Tu)Binds aminoacyl-tRNA only in the GTP form ; Protects the ester linkage in aminoacyl-tRNA from hydrolysis. Is hydrolyzed to GDP only when an appropriate complex between ____-aminoacyl-tRNA complex and the ribosome has formed
- 73Elongation-Factor Ts (EF-Ts)Resets EF-Tu to its GTP form ; does snot interact with fMet-tRNA
- 74Peptidyl Transferase centerLocated in the 50S subunit, catalyzes the peptide bond of the amino acids in the P and A site
- 75Elongation-Factor G (EF-G)An enzyme that uses energy of GTP hydrolysis to force itself into the A site on the 30S subunit, forcing the tRNAs and mRNA to move through the ribosome a distance of one codon
- 76Release Factor (RFs)when bound to the ribosome, they unfold to bridge the gap between the Stop codon on the mRNA and the peptidyl transferase center
- 77Protein TargetingA process by which proteins are directed to internal sites
- 78Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)the Extensive membrane system that comprises about half the total membrane of a cell
- 79Rough ERThe region of the ER that binds ribosomes
- 80Smooth ERThe region of the ER devoid of ribosomes
- 81Signal SequenceProtein mark for translocation across the ER membrane
- 82Signal PeptidaseAn enzyme that cleaves signal sequences on the lumenal side of the ER membrane
- 83Signal-Recognition Particle (SRP)Recognizes the signal sequence and binds the sequence and the ribosome as soon as the signal sequence exits the ribosome
- 84SRP receptor (SR)An integral membrane protein consisting of two subunits ; SRP like and a GTPase
- 85TransloconA protein conducting channel
- 86NucleosideA purine or pyrimidine base linked to a sugar
- 87NucleotideA phosphate ester of a nucleoside
- 88De Novo PathwaysThe assembly of nucleotide bases from simpler compounds
- 89Salvage Pathwayspreformed bases are recovered and reconnected to a ribose unit
- 905-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP)PRPP reacts with Orotate to form orotidylate
- 91Double HelixMade up of two single strands complementary to eachother
- 92Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)double helical genetic information. Its monomer unit consists of a Base, deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate
- 93Deoxyribose2'-carbon atom on the Ribose sugar lacks the oxygen atom
- 94Purine
- 95Pyrimidine
- 96HistoneSmall basic proteins the help in the packaging of DNA
- 97Chromatinisolated chromosomes ; entire complex of a cell's DNA and associated protein
- 98NucleosomeRepeating units of DNA and histone octamer complex (two copies of each H2A, H2B, H3, H4)
- 99—
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- 2 Biochemistry Flashcards on BioChem Exam 2 terms, created by Oyinda Olatunde on 22/03/2016.
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- Oyinda Olatunde
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