OCR A2 Biology: Cloning

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A-Level Biology Flashcards on OCR A2 Biology: Cloning, created by hannawin98 on 16/05/2016.
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Flashcards by hannawin98, updated more than 1 year ago
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Question Answer
What is cloning? The process of producing genetically identical cells or organisms from the cells of an existing organism
What is reproductive cloning? Cloning used to make a complete organism that's genetically identical to another organism.
What can reproductive cloning be used for? 1. By scientists to produce animals for use in research 2. To save endangered species 3. By farmers to increase the number of animals with desirable characteristics to breed from
What is non-reproductive cloning? Cloning used to make embryonic stem cells that are genetically identical to another organism. It's also called therapeutic cloning
What can embryonic stem cells be used for? To replace damaged tissue in a range of diseases such as heart disease, spinal chord injuries and degenerative brain disorders.
What's an advantage of non-reproductive cloning? If replacement tissue is made from cloned embryonic stem cells that are genetically identical to the patient's own cells then the tissue won't be rejected by their immune system
Describe the process of nuclear transfer 1. A nucleus from a body cell is taken from organism A 2. An enucleuted egg cell is taken frmo organism B 3. The nucleus from organism A is inserted into the egg cell 4. The nucleus is stimulated to divide and an embryo is formed
What happens to the embryo in reproductive cloning? The embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother
What happens to the embryo in Non-reproductive cloning? Stem cells are harvested from the embryo
What are the advantages of animal cloning? 1. The desirable characteristics will always be passed on 2. Infertile animals can be reproduced 3. Animals can be cloned at any time, instead of waiting till breeding season
What are the disadvantages of animal cloning? 1. The undesirable traits are always passed on 2. It's difficult, time consuming and expensive 3. If one clone is susceptible to a disease they all will be
What ethical issues surround human cloning? 1. The use of human embryos for stem cells destroys human life 2. A cloned human will have a lower quality of life 3. It undermines natural sexual reproduction
What is tissue culture? A technique used to clone plants
Outline the process of tissue culture 1. Cells are taken from the original plant's stem or root 2. The cells are sterilised 3. The cells are grown in a culture medium containing organic nutrients and plant hormones, causing cells to divide into a mass of undifferentiated cells which is divided 4. The cells grow into a small plant and placed into soil
What are the uses of tissue culture? 1. Used to clone plants that don't readily reproduce or are endangered or rare. 2. It's used to grow plants from genetically engineered plant cells
What is micropropagation? When tissue culture is used to produce lots of cloned plants very quickly.
How does micropropagation work? Cells are taken from the developing cloned plants and grown on a fresh culture medium. This process is repeated to produce large numbers of clones
What is vegetative propagation? The natural production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues
Describe vegetative propagation in Elm Trees 1. Suckers grow from sucker buds scattered around the trees roots 2. During times of stress the suckers are formed 3. They grow into a completely separate clone of the original tree
What are the advantages of plant cloning? 1. Desirable characteristics will always be passed on 2. Plants can be reproduced at any time of they year 3. Sterile plants can be reproduced 4. Plants that take a long time to produce seeds can be reproduced quickly
What are the disadvantages of plant cloning? 1. Undersirable characteristics are always passed on 2. If one plant is susceptible to a disease they all are 3. Production costs are very high as high energy levels are needed and unskilled workers need to be trained.
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