Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Description

Definitions relating to thinking processes, language, and intelligence
Steph M
Flashcards by Steph M, updated more than 1 year ago
Steph M
Created by Steph M almost 8 years ago
261
1

Resource summary

Question Answer
Cognition The mental activity that includes thinking and the understandings that result from thinking
Thinking The mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world
Analogical Representations Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of objects, they are analogous to the objects
Symbolic Representations Abstract mental representations that do not correspond to the physical features of objects or ideas
Categorisation Grouping things based on shared properties
Concept A category, or class, of related items; it consists of mental representations of those items
Prototype Model A way of thinking about concepts: Within each category, there is a best example, a prototype, for that category
Exemplar Model A way of thinking about concepts: All members of a category are examples; together they form the concept and determine category membership
Stereotypes Cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups
Schemas Help us perceive, organise, and process information. We use schemas for: - Common situations that have consistent rules - People have specific roles within situational context
Gender Roles Prescribed behaviour for males and females
Script A schema that directs behaviour over time within a situation, dictates appropriate behaviours and the sequence in which they are likely to occur
Decision Making Attempting to select the best alternative from among several options
Problem Solving Finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal
Normative Decision Theoryies Attempts to define how people should make decisions
Descriptive Decision Theories Attempts to predict how people actually make choices, not to define ideal choices
Expected Utility Theory Normative Theory: People make decisions by considering the possible alternatives and choosing the most desirable one
Heuristics Shortcuts (rules of thumb or informal guidelines) used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions
Anchoring The tendency, in making judgments, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind
Framing In decision making, the tendency to emphasise the potential losses or potential gains from at least one alternative
Anchor Serves as a reference point in decision making
Loss Aversion When people make choices and the are much more concerned with costs than with benefits
Availability Heuristic Making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind
Representativeness Heuristic Placing a person or object in a category if that person or object is similar to one's prototype for that category
Affective Forcasting The tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future
Base Rate Refers to how frequently an event occurs
Restructuring A new way of thinking about a problem that aids its solution
Mental Sets Problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past
Functional Fixedness In problem solving, having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects
Algorithm A guideline that if followed correctly will always yield the correct answer
Working Backward When the appropriate steps for solving a problem are not clear, proceeding from the goal state to the initial state can help yield a solution
Insight The sudden realisation of a solution to a problem
Language A system of communication using sounds and symbols according to grammatical rules
Morphemes The smallest language units that have meaning, including suffixes and prefixes
Phonemes The basic sounds of speech, the building blocks of language
Syntax A language's syntax is the system of rules that govern how words are combined into phrases and how phrases are combined to make sentences
Aphasia A language disorder that results in deficits in language comprehension and production
Vocal Cords Folds of mucous membranes that are part of the larynx, an organ in the neck, often called the voice box
Wernicke's Area An area in the left hemisphere where the temporal and parietal lobes meet, involved in speech comprehension
Linguistic Relativity Theory The claim that language determines thought
Broca's Aphasia (Expressive Aphasia) When Broca's area is damaged, patients develop Broca's aphasia, which interrupts their ability to speak. They can generally understand what is said to them, but cannot form words
Wernicke's Aphasia (Receptive Aphasia) When Wernicke's area is damaged, patients develop Wernicke's aphasia, in which they have trouble understanding the meaning of words. They are often highly verbal but what they say makes little sense
Global Aphasia Extensive damage to the left hemisphere can cause global aphasia, where the person cannot produce or comprehend language
Telegraphic Speech The tendency for toddlers to speak using rudimentary sentences that are missing words and grammatical markings but follow a logical syntax and convey a wealth of meaning
Surface Structure In language, the sound and order of words
Deep Structure In language, the implicit meanings of sentences
Universal Grammar According to Chomsky, all languages are based on the humans' innate knowledge of a set of universal and specifically linguistic elements and relationships
Language Acquisition Device According to Chomsky, humans are born with a language acquisition device, which contains universal grammar. This hypothetical structure enables all humans to come into the world prepared to learn any language
Creole Describes a language that evolves over time from the mixing of existing langauges
Pidgin An informal creole that lacks consistent grammatical rules
Phonics A methods of teaching reading in English that focuses on the association between letters and their phonemes
Whole Language A method of teaching reading in English that emphasises learning the meanings of words and understanding how words are connected in sentences
Dyslexia People who have dyslexia have trouble reading, spelling, and writing even though they have normal levels of intelligence. It results from impaired sound and image processing, especially for words that rhyme
Intelligence The ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges
Psychometric Approach Approach to measuring intelligence which focuses on how people perform on standardised tests that assess mental abilities
Achievement Tests Assess people's current levels of skill and knowledge
Aptitude Tests Seek to predict what tasks, and perhaps even what jobs, people will be good at in the future
Mental Age An assessment of a child's intellectual standing compared with that of same-age peers; determined by comparing the child's test score with the average score for children of each chronological age
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) An index of intelligence computed by dividing a child's estimated mental age by the child's chronological age, then multiplying this number by 100
General Intelligence (g) The idea that one general factor underlies intelligence
Fluid Intelligence Intelligence that reflects the ability to process information, understand relationships, and think logically, particularly in novel or complex circumstances
Crystallised Intelligence Intelligence that reflects both the knowledge acquired through experience and the ability to use that knowledge
Factor Analysis Statistical technique, items similar to one another are clustered. This is used to examine the correlations among intelligence test items
Analytical Intelligence Being good at problem solving, completing analogies, figuring out puzzles, and other academic challenges
Creative Intelligence Involves the ability to gain insight and solve novel problems, to think in new and interesting ways
Practical Intelligence Refers to dealing with everyday tasks
Emotional Intelligence A form of social intelligence that emphasises the abilities to manage, recognise, and understand emotions and use emotions to guide appropriate thought and action
Simple Reaction Time Might require a person to press a computer key as quickly as possible whenever a stimulus appears on the screen
Choice Reaction Time Might require a person to choose, as quickly as possible, the right response for the stimulus presented
Inspection Time Tests If a stimulus is presented and then covered up, how much viewing time does a particular person need to answer a question about the stimulus
Savants People you have minimal intellectual capacities in most domains, but at a very early age each savant shows an exceptional ability in come "intelligent" process
Social Multiplier An environmental factor or an entire environment, that increases what might have started as a small advantage
Flynn Effect The dramatic rise of IQ scores during the last century of intelligence testing
Stereotype Threat Apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group
Show full summary Hide full summary

Similar

A Level: English language and literature techniques = Structure
Jessica 'JessieB
A Level: English language and literature technique = Dramatic terms
Jessica 'JessieB
English Literary Terminology
Fionnghuala Malone
English Grammatical Terminology
Fionnghuala Malone
History of Psychology
mia.rigby
Biological Psychology - Stress
Gurdev Manchanda
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment
Jessica Phillips
Psychology subject map
Jake Pickup
Psychology A1
Ellie Hughes
Memory Key words
Sammy :P
Psychology | Unit 4 | Addiction - Explanations
showmestarlight