GoConqr has a new look! Let us know what you think.

Sign up free

Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Endocrine system flash cards

Walten Michael O Biology 101 English 148 cards

Cards in this deck (148)

  1. 1What are the organs of the endocrine system called?The organs of the endocrine system are called glands.
  2. 2What are hormones?Hormones are signaling molecules that are secreted directly into the bloodstream by glands. they cause a change in gene expression and function in the target tissue
  3. 3What are three different chemical structures of hormones?Hormones can be divided into peptides, steroids, or amino acid derivatives
  4. 4What are peptide hormones made of?Peptide hormones are made up of amino acids
  5. 5What are peptides hormones derived from?Peptide hormones are derived from precursor polypeptides during post translational modification
  6. 6Where are the peptide hormones modified?peptide hormones are modified in the golgi apparatus to be directed to certain locations
  7. 7How are peptide hormones released?Peptide hormones are released by exocytosis
  8. 8Because peptides are charged, what are they not able to pass?They cannot pass the plasma membrane
  9. 9What do peptide hormones bind to?Peptide hormones bind to extracellular receptors
  10. 10What kind of messenger is the peptide hormone considered?The peptide hormone is considered a first messenger that triggers the transmission of a second messenger
  11. 11What is a signaling cascade?A signaling cascade are the effects of a secondary messenger because of the first messenger
  12. 12What is amplification?Amplification is the possible increase in strength of a signal
  13. 13What are some common secondary messengers?Some common secondary messengers are cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), inositol triphosphate (!P3), and calcium.
  14. 14How quick are the effects of peptide hormones?The effects of peptide hormones are rapid but short lived.
  15. 15Do peptide hormones require carriers?Peptide hormones do not require carriers because they are water-soluble and can easily travel through the bloodstream.
  16. 16What are steroid hormones derived from?Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and is produce by the gonads and adrenal cortex
  17. 17Where are receptors of steroid hormones found?Because steroid hormones are made of nonpolar molecules, they can easily pass the cell membrane and can bind to receptors inside of the cell.
  18. 18What happens to the receptor after the steroid hormone binds?After the steroid hormone binds, the receptor undergoes a conformational change
  19. 19What is dimerization?dimerization is a kind of conformational change in which two receptor-hormone complexes are paired.
  20. 20How long do the effects of steroid hormones last?Steroid hormone effects are longlived with slow onset.
  21. 21Why is it slower for steroid hormones?Steroid hormones change levels of mRNA and protein in the cell
  22. 22Because steroid hormones are not water-soluble, what do they need to go through the bloodstream?Steroid hormones need carriers to flow through the blood stream. carriers can be specific or nonspecific
  23. 23Are steroid hormones active when bound to a carrier?No, steroid hormones are not active when bound to a carrier so they must be able to dissociate from them.
  24. 24What are some examples of amino acid-derivative hormones?some examples of amino acid-derivative hormones are epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine.
  25. 25What are amino acid-derivative hormones derived from?Amino acid-derivative hormones are derived from one or two amino acids
  26. 26What are catecholamines?catecholamines are epinephrine and norepinephrine. they bind to g protein-coupled receptors
  27. 27What are direct hormones?Direct hormones are secreted and act directly on target tissues
  28. 28What are tropic hormones?Tropic hormones need an intermediary for effects. They secrete hormones for other hormones to be secreted.
  29. 29What does the hypothalamus bridge?The hypothalamus bridges the nervous and endocrine systems
  30. 30Which gland is close to and is controlled by the hypothalamus?The gland close to and controlled by the hypothalamus is the pituitary gland
  31. 31Where is the hypothalamus located?The hypothalamus is located above the pituitary gland and below the thalamus
  32. 32How are the hormones released by the hypothalamus regulated?The hormone release is regulated by negative feedback
  33. 33What is negative feedback control?Negative feedback occurs when a product inhibits hormones earlier in the pathway
  34. 34What does negative feedback help maintain?Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis and makes sure that only sufficient amount of hormones is released.
  35. 35What is the hypophysis?The hypophysis is another term for the pituitary
  36. 36What is the hypophyseal portal system?The hypophyseal portal system is a blood vessel that connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary directly
  37. 37Where do hormones secreted from the hypothalamus into the hypophyseal portal system go to?The hormones go to the anterior pituitary gland where release of more hormones is stimulated
  38. 38What are some tropic hormones the hypothalamus secretes?The hypothalamus secretes Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
    growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
    Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)
    Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
  39. 39What does the anterior pituitary secrete in response to GnRH?In response to GnRH, the anterior pituitary glad secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
  40. 40What does the anterior pituitary secrete in response to GHRH?The anterior pituitary secretes growth hormone (GH) in response to GHRH
  41. 41What does the anterior pituitary secrete in response to Thyroid-Releasing hormone (TRH)?The anterior pituitary secretes Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in response to TRH
  42. 42What does the anterior pituitary release in response to CRF?The anterior pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in response to CRF
  43. 43Why is prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF) an exception?PIF or dopamine is an exception because it decreases the release of more prolactin
  44. 44How does cortisol work in negative feedback?CRF stimulates secretion of ACTH stimulates secretion of cortisol, but when cortisol gets higher, it inhibits the release of CRF and ACTH
  45. 45What are axes?Axes are three organ systems like hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis or
    hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO)
  46. 46How does the hypothalamus interact with the posterior pituitary gland?Instead of tropic hormones, the hypothalamus uses neurons to interact with the posterior pituitary gland
  47. 47What are two hormones that the posterior pituitary gland secretes in response to signals coming from the hypothalamus?The posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
  48. 48What are the effects of oxytocin?Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown during lactation
  49. 49What are the effects of antidiuretic hormone?Antidiuretic hormone or ADH or vasopressin increases reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidneys.
  50. 50How many products does the anterior pituitary gland have?The anterior pituitary gland has seven products: 4 tropic hormones, 3 direct hormones
  51. 51Which organ does FSH and LH act on?They both act on the gonads
  52. 52What does ACTH act on?ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex
  53. 53What does TRH act on?TRH acts on the thyroid
  54. 54What does prolactin stimulate?Prolactin stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
  55. 55What hormone decreases the secretion of prolactin?Dopamine decreases the secretion of prolactin
  56. 56When does lactation begin?Lactation begins when the placenta is expelled and progesterone, estrogen, and dopamine levels drop
  57. 57What does nipple stimulation during breastfeeding activate?It activates a reaction in the hypothalamus
  58. 58What is the first reaction from nipple stimulation?The first reaction is release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary that allows the muscles of the breast to contract and eject milk
  59. 59What is the second reaction of nipple stimulation?During the second reaction, the hypothalamus stops the release of dopamine and allows prolactin to produce and control the supply of breast milk.
  60. 60What do endorphins decrease the perception of?Endorphins decrease the perception of pain
  61. 61What does growth hormone (GH) promote?Growth hormone promotes the growth of muscles and bones
  62. 62What is required for growth?Glucose is required for growth
  63. 63How does GH promote growth with glucose?GH prevents glucose uptake in tissues that aren't growing and also promotes the break down of fatty acids.
  64. 64Where does bone growth occur?Bone growth occurs in regions of the bone called epiphyseal plates that seal during puberty
  65. 65Why does gigantism occur?Gigantism occurs when there is an excess of GH released in childhood
  66. 66Why does dwarfism occur?Dwarfism occurs when there is not enough GH during childhood
  67. 67What is acromegaly?Acromegaly is when there is an excess of GH during adulthood. Smaller bones and hands and feet become enlarged.
  68. 68What is contained in the posterior pituitary?The nerve terminals of neurons with cell bodies in the hypothalamus are contained in the posterior pituitary
  69. 69What is the release of ADH in response to?The release of ADH is a response to low blood volume (baroreceptors) or increased blood osmolarity (osmoreceptors).
  70. 70What is the result of the release of ADH?The result of ADH is retention of water from the filtrate and an increase in blood pressure and blood volume.
  71. 71When is oxytocin released?Oxytocin is released during childbirth or during suckling during breastfeeding
  72. 72What is the effect oxytocin?Oxytocin promotes uterine contractions and also may be involved in bonding behavior
  73. 73What is a positive feedback loop?A positive feedback loop in birth works as such: oxytocin release promotes contractions promotes more oxytocin release promotes stronger contractions
  74. 74What hormone controls the thyroid?The thyroid is controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone
  75. 75What are the two major functions of the thyroid?Two of the major functions of the thyroid are:
    setting basal metabolic rate and
    calcium homeostasis
  76. 76Which two hormones set the basal metabolic rate?Triiodothyronine and thyroxine are responsible to setting the basal metabolic rate.
  77. 77How are T3 and T4 produced?T3 and T4 are produced by iodination of the amino acid knows tyrosine located in the follicular cells of the thyroid.
  78. 78How do T3 and T4 affect metabolic rate?T3 and T4 make metabolism more or less efficient and also can speed up synthesis or degradation of proteins and fatty acids
  79. 79What prevents the release of more thyroid hormones?A negative feedback loop prevents the release of more thyroid hormones. Less TRH and TSH is synthesized when thyroid hormone levels are high
  80. 80How does hypothyroidism occur?Hypothyroidism occurs when there is a deficiency in iodine or if there is inflammation in the thyroid. Less thyroid hormones are secreted.
  81. 81What are some symptoms of hypothroidism?Some symptoms of hypothyroidism include lethargy, decreased body temp, slowed respiratory and heart rate, cold intolerance, weight gain.
  82. 82What is cretinism?Cretinism is a disease in children due to a deficiency in thyroid hormones. Deficiency of thyroid hormones during childhood leads to mental retardation as well as developmental delay
  83. 83What causes hyperthyroidism?Hyperthyroidism occurs when there is an excess of thyroid hormone or if the thyroid has a tumor or is overstimulated
  84. 84What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?Hyperthyroidism is characterized by the opposite of hypothyroidism: raised body temp, increased activity level, intolerance to heat, increased respiratory and heart rate, weight loss
  85. 85What do follicular cells in the thyroid produce?Follicular cells of the thyroid produce thyroid hormones
  86. 86What do C-cells or parafollicular cells in the thyroid produce?C-cells produce calcitonin
  87. 87What are three ways that calcitonin reduces levels of plasma calcium?Calcitonin reduces plasma calcium levels by: increased calcium excretion in kidneys
    decreased calcium absorption in the gut
    increased storage of calcium in the bone
  88. 88What causes the secretion of calcitonin from C-cells?C-cells secrete calcitonin when there is high level of calcium in the blood
  89. 89Where is the parathyroid located?The parathyroid is located on the posterior side of the thyroid
  90. 90What does parathyroid hormone do?Parathyroid hormone or PTH produced by the parathyroid acts as an antagonist to calcitonin by increasing plasma calcium levels. It decreases calcium excretion by the kidneys
    it increases absorption of calcium by the gut
    and increases bone resorption to free up calcium
  91. 91What is parathyroid controlled?Parathyroid hormone is controlled by negative feedback or feedback inhibition
  92. 92How does PTH affect phosphorus homeostasis?PTH affects phosphorus homeostasis by resorbing phosphate from the bone and reducing reabsorption in the kidneys
  93. 93PTH activated vitamin D which is used for what?Vitamin D is used for absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the gut.
  94. 94Where are the adrenal glands located?The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys
  95. 95What makes up each adrenal gland?Each adrenal gland consists of a cortex and a medulla
  96. 96What does the adrenal cortex secrete?The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids
  97. 97What are the three different classes of corticosteroids?The three different classes of corticosteroids are glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, cortical sex hormones
  98. 98What are glucocorticoids?Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that regulate glucose levels and affect protein synthesis
  99. 99What do cortisol and cortisone do?Cortisol and cortisone are glucocorticoids that increase blood glucose levels bu increase gluconeogenesis and decrease protein synthesis
  100. 100What else do cortisol and cortisone decrease?Cortisol and cortisone decrease inflammation and immune reponses
  101. 101What is cortisol also known as?Cortisol is also known as a stress hormone
  102. 102What are mineralocorticoids used for?Mineralocorticoids are used for water and salt homeostasis and has effects on the kidneys
  103. 103What does aldosterone do?Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct of the nephron
    This increases blood volume and pressure
  104. 104What does aldosterone decrease the reabsorption of?Aldosterone decreases the reabsorption of potassium and hydrogen ions
  105. 105What controls aldosterone?Aldosterone is controlled by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  106. 106When does the juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin?The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin when blood pressure is decreased
  107. 107What does renin activate?Renin activates angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
  108. 108What does angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) convert angiotensin I into?ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
  109. 109What does angiotensin II do?Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.
  110. 110What kind of feedback is the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?The Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a negative feedback mechanism
  111. 111What are the cortical sex hormones?The two cortical sex hormones are androgen and estrogen
  112. 112What happens if there is a higher level of androgen in females?If there is a higher level of androgen in females, they might have more masculinized genitalia
  113. 113What do the specialized nerve cells in the adrenal medulla secrete?The nerve cells in the adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine into the circulatory system.
  114. 114What kind of hormones and what family of molecules do epinephrine and norepinephrine belong to?Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amino acid derivative hormones that belong to catecholamines family.
  115. 115What does epinephrine increase?Epinephrine increases glycogenolysis in liver and muscle resulting in more available glucose and also increases basal metabolic rate.
  116. 116What both epinephrine and norepinephrine do?They both increase heart rate, dilate the bronchi and alter blood flow to the systems used in the sympathetic response
  117. 117While cortisol is used for long-term stress response, what are catecholamines used for?Catecholamines are used for short-term response
  118. 118Does cortisol increase or decrease the production of catecholamines?Cortisol increases production of catecholamines.
  119. 119What are the hormone-producing cells found throughout the pancreas?The hormone-producing cells found throughout the pancreas are called the islets of Langerhans
  120. 120What are the different kinds of cells in the islets?The three different kinds of cells in the islets are: alpha, beta, and delta cells
  121. 121What are the three different hormones secreted by these cells?The three different hormones are:
    alpha: glucagon
    beta: insulin
    delta: somatostatin
  122. 122When is glucagon release activated?Glucagon is secreted when blood glucose levels are low
  123. 123What is the function of glucagon?Glucagon stimulates breakdown of protein and fats, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
  124. 124When is glucagon release inhibited?Glucagon release is inhibited when blood glucose levels are high
  125. 125When is insulin secreted?Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels are high
  126. 126What is the effect of insulin?Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by muscle and liver cells to be stored as glycogen and also fat and protein synthesis
  127. 127What is hypoglycemia?Hypoglycemia is when blood glucose levels are low. this can be caused by a high level of insulin in the blood
  128. 128What is hyperglycemia?Hyperglycemia is when blood glucose levels are abnormally high. This is a characteristic of diabetes mellitus.
  129. 129What can cause diabetes mellitus?diabetes mellitus is caused by underproduction of or insensitivity to insulin
  130. 130What can patients with diabetes find in urine?Patients with diabetes will find a higher level of glucose in their urine as well as higher volume of urine.
  131. 131What is polyuria?Polyuria is increased frequency of urination
  132. 132What is polydipsia?Polydipsia is an increased thirst
  133. 133What is Type I diabetes?Type I diabetes is caused by the autoimmune destruction of beta cells and thus a deficiency of insulin. Insulin injections are needed by these patients.
  134. 134What is Type II diabetes?Type II diabetes is due to receptor resistance to insulin. It can be inherited or due to environmental factors
  135. 135What is the function of somatostatin?Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon.
  136. 136When is somatostatin secreted?Somatostatin is secreted in response to high glucose levels and amino acid concentration
  137. 137Where is the pineal gland located?The pineal gland is located deep in the brain
  138. 138What does the pineal gland secrete?The pineal gland secretes melatonin
  139. 139What is melatonin involved in?Melatonin is involved in circadian rhythms.
  140. 140What are some gastrointestinal peptides?Some gastrointestinal peptides are secretin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin
  141. 141What causes the secretion of gastrointestinal peptides?Certain nutrients cause the secretion of gastrointestinal peptides
  142. 142What organ produces erythropoietin?The kidneys produce erythropoietin
  143. 143What is the function of erythropoietin?Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes or red blood cells
  144. 144Why does the heart release atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?The heart release ANP to regulate water and salt balance
  145. 145What does ANP promote?ANP promotes sodium excretion and therefore increases urine volume
  146. 146Where is the thymus located?The thymus is located behind the sternum
  147. 147What does the thymus secrete?The thymus secretes thymosin
  148. 148What is thymosin important for?Thymosin is important for proper t-cell development

Information

Description
101 Biology (Chapter 5: The Endocrine System) Flashcards on Chapter 5: The Endocrine system flash cards, created by Walten Michael O on 10/06/2016.
Created by
Walten Michael O · Jun 2016
Updated
Feb 4, 2018
Views
0
Rating

Feedback

What is it about?

What do you think of the new look?

How do you like it?