Flashcards
Assignment 4: Tissues
Cards in this deck (73)
- 1The cells that compose multicellular organisms cannot survive alone B/C?They have DIFFERENTIATED;
to a wide range of cell types (each w/ own features + function)
AND
have lost the ability to perform ALL metabolic functions needed to sustain life as an individual - 2Multicellular organisms have cells that exist as?cooperative living communities
- 3Many different types of communities are found in an animal and they differ from one another in?the types of cells that they are composed of
+
function/role that they play in organism as a whole - 4Tissues=cells of a similar TYPE+ FUNCTION are clustered together in
(layers, sheets, or groups) to form tissues - 5What are the 4 types of tissues? (an their main functions)1. Epithelial (covers + lines)
2. Connective (provides support)
3. Muscle (enables movement)
4. Nervous (controls work) - 6The study of the microscopic structures of tissues + organs is called?Histology
OR
Microanatomy - 7What is epithelial tissue?Sheets of cells that cover + line tissues
Ex. lines bladder
mouth
blood vessels
thorax
and all body cavities+ ducts in body - 8What are the 6 functions of epithelial tissue?1. Protects, covers + lines
2. Absorbs nutrients
3. Filters biochemical substances
4.Provides sensory input
5. Secretes
6. Excretes - 9Glandular epithelia=epithelia that engage in the making + release of substances
- 10Glandular epithelia can occur as?individual (goblet cells in intestine)
OR
as organized glands (those in pancreas) - 11What are examples of substances produced by glandular epitheliaHORMONES
ENZYMES
MILK
SWEAT
MUSK - 12Excretions= Secretions=Leave body (sweat, urine, feces)
Remain in body (regulatory molecules - 13What are the 4 general characteristics of epithelial cells?1. Polar (sense of direction relative to surrounding structures)
-Apical=face lumen/body cavity
-Basal =face underlying connective
2. Junctional Complexes (connect neighbor cells closely)
3. Avascular (no blood vessels or capillaries rely on underlying connective tissue for o2 and +nutrients)
4. Innervated (have nerve cells that provide valuable sensory input) - 14Junctional complexes=plasma membrane of epithelial cells are joined to form specialized attachments called CELL JUNCTIONS that give the tissue surprising STRENGTH even though the attachments only involve a small portion of the cell membrane
- 15What are the 3 types of cell junctions found b/t epithelial cells?1. Tight junctions
2. Desmosomes
3. Gap junctions - 16Tight junctions form?an impenetrable barrier that prevents the passage of substances from the luminal end (apical) to the basel end
- 17Tight Junctions occur where there can be NO?Leaks;
they can be found in:
-Urinary bladder
-Digestive tract (where they play a critical role in preventing leakage of digestive enzymes into the bloodstream - 18A desosome is a strong, welded ___ or ____ that?plaque or thickening that connects plasma membranes of adjacent cells
- 19what are the 3 main features of desosomes1. intercellular filaments (velcro in middle)
2. Tonofilaments (intermediate filaments) that extend from plaque into cytoplasm of each cell like anchors which from stabilizing bases for membrane junction
3. Plaque - 20Tight junctions = urinary bladder + digestive tract Desosomes found in?*Desosomes form tough bonds so they are found in tissues that undergo lots of STRETCHING + TENSION so found in…
SKIN
HEART
UTERUS - 21Gap junctions are linked by what kind of proteins called ______?TUBULAR PROTEINS
called
CONNEXONS
which extend from cytoplasm of 1 cell to another - 22Transmembrane proteins allow exchange of _____ +________ (Gap junction)Ions + Nutrients (nucleotides, sugars, amino acids) from one cell to another
- 23Gap junctions are found in?Intestinal epithelial cells
Heart
Smooth muscle tissue
(*Transport electrical signals quickly from 1 cell to another = contraction of cardiac + smooth muscle) - 24What is the basement membrane?it is the foundation of the epithelial cell that is a meshwork of fibers that cements the epithelial cell to the underlying connective tissue.
- 25The basement membrane is also known as?Basal lumania
- 26The basement membrane acts as a?partial barrier b/t epithelial cell + underlying connective tissue
02 + nutrients diffuse through basement membrane from capillaries in the underlying connective tissue - 27Sufaces of epithelial cells VARY depending on?WHERE THEY ARE LOCATED IN THE BODY
+
FUNCTION OF TISSUE - 28Microvilli=fingerlike projections
that are commonly found in (digestive + urinary tract)
and INCREASE SA OF CELL AND ENHANCE ITS ABILITY TO ABSORB OR SECRETE
**Gives a cell 20x more SA than a cell w/o microvilli - 29CILIA=thousands of tiny hairs
commonly found in (urogenital and respiratory tract)
AID IN TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS
ex. in trachea it helps to propel mucus + debris up and away from lungs toward mouth - 30There are 3 characteristics that categorize epithelial tissue what are they?1. Number of cells
2. shape of the cells
3. presence of surface specialization - 31If there is only a single layer of epithelial cells, the tissue is classified as?Simple
- 32If there are more than 1 layer of epithelial cells than the tissue is called?Stratified
- 33Simple Epithelia provides little?protection to the underlying connective tissue and thus is found in protected areas of the body like internal compartments, ducts, vessels, passageways
- 34How does Stratified Epithelia differ from Simple?Much thicker and stronger and is found in area that are subject to mechanical and chemical stress
- 35Epithelial cells can take on many shapes such as? Classification depends on shape of the cell that resides on the?Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Exposed of luminal surface of the tissue
ex. Stratified Squamous
cuboidal @ basement
Squamous @ luminal surface
(So squamous it is) - 36What are the 8 types of epithelial tissue?Simple Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
Stratified Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
Pseudostratified Columnar
Transitional - 37Simple Squamous is...thin & delicate
flat & smooth
*only in protected parts of body
*found lining surfaces involved in passage of either gas or liquid (ex. inner lining of lung absorbs o2, releases co2) - 38Simple Squamous that lines the pleural (chest), pericardial (heart), and peritoneal(abdominal) is called?Mesothelium
- 39Simple Squamous that lines blood vessels + lymphatic vessels is calledEndothelium
- 40Simple Cuboidalsingle layer of cubic cells with centrally placed nuclei that form string of pearls
* provides little protection and needs to be in protected areas like
*surface of ovaries
*tubules of kidneys (secretion+ absorption - 41Simple columnar differs from cuboidal and squamous becauseelongated and more tightly packed making it thicker and thus more protective than the other 2
*like cuboidal in that its function is ABSORPTION+ SECRETION
*Lines GI tract from stomach to rectum - 42There are 2 types of cells that make up the gut lining along with simple columnar epithelia1. Absorptive cell (most numerous and has microvilli to maximize absorption by increasing surface contact with nutrient filled lumen
2. Goblet cell (makes and stores lubricating mucus that is secreted onto the luminal surfaces of the epithelia - 43Stratified Squamous is the best one so far because where are they all found?IN places you would put a penis ie. lining of mouth, esophagus, vagina, rectum that are exposed to mechanical and chemical stress
they have various layers of cells
-Cuboidal @ base that is continually dividing
-Squamous at surface - 44Why are cuboidal cells @ base of stratified squamous tissue constantly dividing?Because they top surface layer is constantly being worn away and replaced from cells @ a deeper layer so cuboidal are constantly dividing to keep up with the loss of cells from the surface
- 45Cuboidal cells @ the base of SS are attached to the basement and as they mature what happens?As they mature they are being pushed closer to the top and away from the nutrient source of the connective tissue underneath the basement membrane. As they move closer to the surface they loss CYTOPLASM + NUCLEUS and become squamous shape
- 46Stratified cuboidal is made of up? Important in protecting?Made of 2 layers of cuboidal cells that are found mainly in LARGE EXCRETORY DUCTS like SALIVARY, SWEAT, + MAMMARY GLANDS
Important in protecting delicate tissue in deeper layers - 47Stratified Columnar is VERYRARE
only found in select parts of respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems - 48Pseudostratified appears to be stratified but is it?No, all cells are attached to basement membrane but not all reach luminal surface
*MOSTLY CILIATED
*Found in respiratory tract - 49Transitional is found in parts of the body that are required to ______+_______ as part of their normal function. *has remarkable ability to _____Expand + contract
CAN STRETCH
Found in urinary tract: bladder , ureters, urethra - 50Transitional epithelium's appearance depends on?how much it is stretched
*Empty bladder= thick, multilayered, rounded cells
*full= thinned out - 51Transitional Epithelium also forms?a LEAK PROOF membrane so that urine doesn't diffuse into abdominal cavity
- 52What is a GLAND?A gland is a cell or group of cells that MAKE + RELEASE a SECRETION
- 53What is a SECRETION?A secretion is a specialized PROTEIN that is made by rough ER, packaged by the Golgi apparatus, and released from the cell
- 54Glands are organized based on following 6 factors...1. Has or does not have ducts (Endocrine or exocrine)
2. # of cells that compose them (uni or multicellular)
3. Shape of secretory ducts (simple or compound)
4. Complexity of glandular structure ( tubular, acinar, or tubuloacinar)
5. Type of secretion they produce (mucoid or serous)
6. Manner in which secretion is stored + discharged (merocrine, apocrine, holocrine) - 55Endocrine Glands *ducts or no ducts? *secretions distributed how? *make and secrete? *Part of? *Ex?*no ducts or tubules
*secretions distributed throughout body
*regulatory chemicals =HORMONES into bloodstream and taken to various parts of body
*complex, biochemical network called Endocrine System
* Pituitary + Adrenal Gland - 56Exocrine Gland *has or does not have ducts? *more or less common than endo? *Act by discharging? *How distributed? Ex. ?*Has ducts (except goblet cell)
*MORE COMMON
*secretions via their DUCTS directly into nearby areas (cover cell surfaces or empty into body cavities)
*ACT LOCALLY not distributed via circulation
*MUSK, SWEAT, SALIVARY GLAND
*Secrete BILE (Liver)
*Secrete hormones (endo) + digestive enxymes (exo) from pancreas - 57What is the only example of a unicellular exocrine gland?Ductless Goblet Cell
- 58What is a goblet cell?=a modified columnar epithelial cell
found among columnar cells of the RESPIRATORY + DIGESTIVE tracts - 59What do Goblet Cells Secrete?MUCIN (= thick, sticky mixture of glycoprotein + proteoglycans that when mixed w/ H20 makes MUCUS)
- 60What are the 2 functions of MUCUS?1. helps protect the apical surface layer of epithelial layer
2. Assists w/ entrapment of microorganisms and foreign particles - 61What are 2 distinct components of multicellular exocrine glands?1. Secretory Unit (=where secretions are made by secretory cells)
2. Duct (=carries secretion to the deposition site) - 62The secretory unit is surrounded by either?connective tissue that is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers that nourish the unit and provide support
OR
Contractile cells called myoepithelial cells that assist in discharge of secretions into duct - 63If the main duct is unbranched, the gland is?simple
- 64if the main duct is branched=compound
- 65If the secretory cells form a long channel of even width, the gland istubular
- 66If the secretory unit forms a rounded sac?alveolar or acinar
- 67Glands with secretory units that possess both tubular and alveolar qualities=tubuloalveolar or
tubuloacinar - 68The majority of glands package their secretions into granular units and release them via exocytosis as they are made. these glands are calledMerocrine because the secretory cells remain intact during secretory process
(pancreas, sweat, salivary) - 69Loss of the top part of the cell called the apex of the secretory cell=apocrine
Store granules until apex of cell is full then the cell pinches in two and releases the apex into the duct system
(MAMMARY TISSUES) - 70ENTIRE SECRETORY CELL IS DESTROYED IN THE ACT OF RELEASING ITS SECRETORY PRODUCT. THIS ALLOWS RELEASE OF THE GRANULES=HOLOCRINE
(SABACEOUS GLANDS) - 71SEROUS SECRETIONS=WATERY AND CONTAIN HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ENZYMES
- 72MUCOUS SECRETIONS=THICK
VISCOUS
GLYCOPROTEINS - 73SECRETORY CELLS THAT MAKE BOTH TYPES OF SECRETIONS ARE COMMON IN RESPIRATORY + DIGESTIVE TRACTS AND ARE?MIXED EXOCRINE GLANDS
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- G Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards on Assignment 4: Tissues , created by Ryan Kuser on 15/08/2016.
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