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Flashcards

Fluids and Electrolytes

Gwen Paparone NURSING 110 NCLEX English 82 cards

Cards in this deck (82)

  1. 1What is the primary body fluid?Water
  2. 2What is the adult water weight %?55-60% water
  3. 3How much weight loss results from 10% body fluid loss?SERIOUS- 8 %
  4. 4How much weight loss results from 20% body fluid lost?FATAL- 15% weight loss
  5. 5What is the average amount of fluid gained and lost every day?2-3 Liters
  6. 6What is the minimum output per hour necessary to maintain renal function?30 ml/hr
  7. 7Examples of fluid intake?PO fluids/Tube Feeding
    IV Fluids
    Blood and Blood products
  8. 8Examples of Output?Urine
    Vomit
    Blood
    Drainage
  9. 9OsmolarityConcentration of particles in a solution
  10. 10Posterior pituitaryreleases ADH (anti diuretic hormone) in response to increased serum osmolarity- causes renal absorption of water.
  11. 11Normal Serum osmolarity?280-295 mosm/kg
  12. 12What increases the osmotic pressure?Increased osmolarity
  13. 13HypothalamusTriggers Thirst mechanism in response to increased serum osmolarity
  14. 14Renal Regulationnephron receptors sense low osmolarity (pressure) and secrete renin
  15. 15Reninstimulates production of angiotensin I- followed by angiotension II
  16. 16Angiotensin IIcauses Na and h20 retention by kidneys. Stimulates the adrenal cortex.
  17. 17Adrenal CortexSecretes aldosterone when stimulated by angiotension II.
  18. 18AldosteroneSecreted by the adrenal cortex following angiotension production. - Causes kidneys to secrete Potassium (k) and retain Na and H2o.
  19. 19HypertonicHigh osmolarity (More than serum)
  20. 20Hypotoniclow osmolarity (less than serum)
  21. 21IsotonicEqual osmolarity to the normal serum level
  22. 22What are Isotonic imbalances?When water and sodium levels have decreased or increased in volume but osmolarity is maintained.
  23. 23Fluid Volume Defecit (FVD)AKA hypovolemia
    Fluid volume low
  24. 24Causes of FVDdecreased water or salt intake
    Increased output
    hemorrhage, burns
    Increased sweating
  25. 25Assessment of FVDWeight loss, Postural hypotension, Thready pulse, Dry mucous membranes- poor turgor, dark urine, thirst, restlessness, confusion, oliguria, cold clammy skin, hypotension,
  26. 26Labs for FVDIncreased hematocrit (hCt) and BUN
  27. 27Normal Hemoglobin labswomen 12-16g/100mL
    men 13-18g/100mL
  28. 28Normal Hematocrit LabsWomen 40-48%
    Men 42-50%
  29. 29Normal Blood urea nitrogen labs10-20mg/dl
  30. 30Normal Serum creatinine0.7-1.2mg/dl
  31. 31Fluid Volume Deficit Nursing Diagnosis ExamplesDefecit fluid volume related to excessive fluid loss
    Risk for hypovolemic shock
    Risk for injury related to dizzyness
    Risk for impaired skin integrity
  32. 32FVD interventionsIsotonic fluids and medications as ordered
    Reassessment
    I's and O's and lab results
    Comfort measures
  33. 33Etiology of FVEExcessive administration of isotonic fluids
    Renal retention of sodium and water
    Heart failure, cirrhosis, aldosterone excess
  34. 34FVE AssessmentSudden weight gain
    Dependent Edema
    NVD
    Pulmonary edema
    Decreased Hct and BUN
  35. 35HypernatremiaLoss of more water than salt or gain of more salt than water
  36. 36What would the serum sodium level be for a patient with hypernatremia?Sodium above 145 mEq/L
  37. 37What would the serum osmolality be for a patient with hypernatremia?Serum osmolality above 300 mOsm/kg
  38. 38HyponatremiaGain of more water than salt or loss of more salt than water
  39. 39What would the serum sodium levels be for a patient with hyponatremia?Sodium levels below 135 mEq/L
  40. 40What would the serum osmolality be for a patient with hyponatremia?Serum osmolality below 280 mOsm/kg
  41. 41What osmolality imbalance is associated with ADH deficiency and why?Hypernatremia. Because ADH is an anti diuretic hormone and without it the body would not retain as much water.
  42. 42What osmolarity imbalance is associated with an excessive amount of ADH?Hyponatremia. Because the body retains more water.
  43. 43What neurological symptom is a risk in both hyponatremia and hyponatremia?Seizures. Especially when severe or sudden.
  44. 44Clinical dehydrationA combination of volume and osmolarity imbalance. Water intake is less than output.
  45. 45What osmolarity imbalance would be found in dehydration?Hypernatremia
  46. 46What symptoms are common with dehydration?Commonly causes Fever. Commonly caused by severe vomiting or diarrhea.
  47. 47ElectrolytesSolutes measured in mEq units.
    Sodium
    Potassium
    Calcium
    Magnesium
  48. 48Sodium ranges135-145 mEq/L (ECF)
  49. 49Potassium Ranges3.5-5.5 mEq/L (ICF)
  50. 50Calcium Ranges8.5- 10.5 mg/100ml
    Or
    4.5-5.5 mEq/L
  51. 51Magnesium Ranges1.5-2.5 mEq/L
  52. 52AnionsChloride (Cl)
    Phosphate (Po4)
    Bicarbonate(HCO3-)
  53. 53Chloride levels95-105 mEq/L
  54. 54What is the chief electrolyte in the ECF?Sodium
  55. 55Role of sodiumRegulate volume of bodily fluids
    Needed for nerve impulses and muscle Fiber transmission
  56. 56What regulates sodium levels?The kidneys/ Hormones
  57. 57What is the chief electrolyte in the ICF?Potassium (K)
  58. 58Roles of Potassium?Major mineral in all cellular fluids
    Aids in muscle contraction
    Regulates enzyme activity
    Assists in acid base balance
    Regulates IC H20 Content
  59. 59HypokalemiaSerum Potassium level < 3.5 mEq/L
  60. 60What causes hypokalemia?Decreased intake
    loss via GI/Renal and potassium depleting diuretics
  61. 61What are some effects of hypokalemia?Life threatening.
    Muscle weakness- cramps
    Decreased GI motility, Arrythmias
  62. 62What are some treatments for hypokalemia?diet
    Supplements
    IV therapy
  63. 63HyperkalemiaSerum Potassium levels >5 mEq/L
  64. 64What causes hyperkalemia?Excessive intake
    trauma
    crush injuries
    Burns
    Renal Failure
  65. 65What are signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?Muscle weakness,
    arrhythmias,
    N/V (nausea/vomit)
    Parathesias of face.fingers/tongue
  66. 66What are the treatments for hyperkalemia?Diet
    supplements
    IV therapy
  67. 67What are the normal ranges for calcium?4.5-5.5 mEq/L
    or
    8.5-10.5 mg/1ooml
  68. 68What is the most abundant electrolyte in the body?Calcium
  69. 69What percentage of total body calcium is present in the teeth and bones?99%
  70. 70What are some of the functions of calcium?Nerve transmission
    Vitamin B12
    Absorption
    Muscle Contraction
    Blood Clotting
  71. 71What electrolyte does calcium have an inverse reaction with?Phosphorus
  72. 72What vitamin is needed for Ca absorption?Vitamin D
  73. 73What are the serum levels for hypocalcemia?< 4.3 mEq/L
  74. 74What are the causes of hypocalcemia?Low intake
    Loop diuretics
    Parathyroid disorders
    Renal Failure
  75. 75What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia?Osteomalacia
    EKG changes
    Numbness in fingers
    muscle cramps
    tetany
    Chovstek sign
    Trousseau sign
  76. 76What are the treatments for hypocalcemia?Diet and IV therapy
  77. 77Chovstek SignWincing when cheek is poked
    sin of hypocalcemia
  78. 78Trousseau's signHand fasiculations when BP cuff is inflated
  79. 79Hypercalcemia Serum Levels> 5.3 mEq/L
  80. 80What causes hypercalcemia?Hyperparathyroidism
    cancers
    prolonged immobilizations
  81. 81Signs and symptomsMuscle weakness
    renal calculi
    Fatigue
    Altered LOC
    Decreased GI motility
    Cardiac Changes
  82. 82Treatment for HypercalcemiaMedication
    IV therapy

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NCLEX NURSING 110 (Exam 2 ) Flashcards on Fluids and Electrolytes , created by Gwen Paparone on 06/10/2016.
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Gwen Paparone
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