Flashcards
Anatomy
Cards in this deck (39)
- 1What is a Cell?A cell is the smallest unit in the body that performs life functions.
Cells are made from division of preexisting cells - 2What are the types of cells?Somatic cells and sex cells.
- 3What are the three main structures in a cellCell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
- 4What are the general functions of the cell membrane?Physical isolation, sensitivity to the environment, regulates exchange with environment, structural support
- 5What makes up the cell membrane bigger picturelipids (42%)
proteins(55%)
carbohydrates(3%) - 6What makes up the cell membrane Smaller picturePhospholipid bilayer and integral and peripheral proteins
- 7What are the functional types of membrane proteinsanchoring proteins, recognition proteins, enzymes, receptors, carrier proteins, channels
- 8What make up the membrane carbohydratesglycolipids, glycoproteis, proteoglycans.
the functions, lubrication, protection, anchoring, and locomotion, specificuty in binding, recognintion - 9What is the cytoplasmcytoplasm includes all materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus. it is made up of cytosol and organelles
- 10INtra cellular fluid vs Extracellular fluidintracellular-inside the cells
- large amounts of potassium, magnesium and phosphate
extracellular-ouside of the cell
- large amounts of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Nutrients for cells such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids - 11What are the types of organellesnonmembranous organelles and membranous organelles.
- 12What are nonmembranous organellesthey are organelles with no membranes
direct contact with cytosol - 13What are membranous organellescovered with a plasma membrane
isolated from cytosol - 14List the nonmembranous organellescytoskeleton
microvilli
centrioles
cilia
ribosomes
proteasomes - 15List the membranous organellesendoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
peroxisomes
mitochondria - 16What is the cytoskeletonbackbone of the cell
it gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility
it is made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments, and microtubules - 17What are microfilamentsthey are thin filaments<6 made of the protein actin. they anchor the cytosketelon to integral membrane protein and they interact with other proteins to produce cellular movement.
- 18Intermediate filamentsmid sized 7-11 nm
They strengthen the cell and maintain the shape
they stabilize position of other organelles - 19Thick Filaments15nm made of myosin protein
only in muscle cells
they interact with actin filaments to produce muscle contraction - 20MicrotubulesLarge 25nm hollo tubes of tubulin protein which provide strenght, rigidity and anchor organelles. they alter the shape of the cell and assist in cell movement. move vesicles/organelles within cell. form spindle apparatus for cell division. structural component of centrioles, cilia, and flagella
- 21microvillismall fingerlike prjections that increase surface area for absorption.
- 22Contriolescylindrical structures composed of short microtubules. there are two per cell. the centrosome is the cytoplasm surrounding the centriole. muscle cells dont have cell division thus no centrioles
- 23What are cilia?long slender extentions of cell membrane. composed of microtubules. move fluids across the cell surface. respiratory-reproductive system.
- 24What are ribosomesResponsible for protein synthesis. composed of RNA and Protein. LArge and small subunits. Free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm- protein for cell
fixed ribosomes attaches to et porteis for secretion. - 25Proteasomescontain protein digesting enzymes. breakdown abnormal damaged proteins for recycling
- 26endoplasmic reticulumsmooth and rough. rough is the site of protein synthesis smooth i the site of lipids.
- 27Golgi Apparatus5-6 discs stacked together near the nucleus
vesicles enter forming face and exit maturing face. modifies and packages secretions for reease through exocytosis. renews cell membrane - 28Lysosomesvesicles that are produced at the golgi apparatus. they are the cells garbage disposal system.
- 29peroxisomesenzymes containing vesicles smaller than lysosomes. break down fatty ascids and organic compounds
- 30Mitochondriaenergy production. REquires o2 makes co2 and atp. Glycolysis anaerobic Glucose to pyruvic acid. Tricarboxylic acid(mitochondria) aerobic, pyruvic to CO2
- 31Nucleuslargest structure in the cell. It is the headquarter of the cell. one nucleus to cell
- 32DNAdouble stranded
instructions for all proteins in the body
structural units are called nucleotides. - 33Purine vs pyrimidinepurine are a and g
pyrimidine are t c - 34RNAthree types
messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA - 35Protein synthesisTranscription- copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus)
Translation- ribosome reads code from mRNA
-assembles aminoacid chain
Processing
by rer and golgi apparatus produces protein - 36Transcription steps1- gene activation
uncoils DNA and removes histones
start and stop codons
coding strand- coding for the protein. tempate strand- template for rna
2- building mRNA
RNA polymerase bindes to start sequence, reads NDA code for gene. Binds nucleotide to form mRNA. MRNA duplicates DNA coding strand
3- RNA editing
at stop signal the mRNA detaches from DNA molecule. code is edited. introns-non coding regions- removed exons slpiced together - 37Translation phasesstep 1- mRNA moves to a ribosome in cytoplasm
2- mRNA binds to ribosomal subunits
trna delivers amino acids to mRNA
3- tRNA anticodon binds to mrna codon
4- enzymes join amino acids with peptide bond
5 at stop codon the components separate - 38Mutation.Chagnes in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. may change gene function.
- 39—
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- Flashcards on Anatomy, created by Shyanne Shurtliffe on 20/10/2016.
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- Shyanne Shurtliffe
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