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Flashcards

Anatomy - Respiratory System

Emma Granger Anatomy English 60 cards

Cards in this deck (60)

  1. 1Main functions of the respiratory system?Ventilation and gas exchange
  2. 2Two subdivisions of the respiratory system and what do they include?Upper respiratory system: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
    Lower respiratory system: larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
  3. 3Nose?Supported by bone and hyaline cartilage, nostrils (=external nares)
  4. 4Nasal cavity?Right and left sides separated by the nasal septum
  5. 5Two divisions of nasal cavity?a) anterior part - hyaline cartilage
    b) posterior part - ethmoid, vomer, palatine, and maxillae bones
  6. 6Functions of nasal cavity?a) airway passage: warm, moisten, and filter air
    b) olfaction (smell)
    c) resonance chamber for speech
  7. 7Areas of nasal cavity?Nasal vestibule (anterior), respiratory, olfactory
  8. 8Nasal vestibule (anterior)?Surrounded by cartilage, lined by skin with coarse hairs
  9. 9Respiratory area is lined by what?Respiratory mucosa - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium resting on the lamina propria (CT), contains many goblet cells (secrete mucus), nasal glands (in CT layer) also secrete mucus together with antimicrobial enzymes
  10. 10Conchae?Thin, scroll-like projections protrude medially from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity: superior (project from ethmoid), middle (project from ethmoid), inferior - a separate bone
  11. 11Meatuses?Grooves that air passes through that are formed between the conchae
    -Turbulent airflow here helps humidify air and trap dust (on cilia)
  12. 12Naso(lacrimal) duct opens onto where?Opens into inferior nasal meatus
    -Drains tears into nasal cavity
  13. 13Olfactory area?On roof of nasal cavity, ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium lacking goblet cells, interspersed with neurons with olfactory receptors
  14. 14Paranasal sinuses?Help warm and moisten air, help warm and moisten air; reduce density of skull (i.e. mass per unit of volume)
  15. 15Where are the paranasal sinuses?Pairs of air filled spaces in the: frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillae
  16. 16Sinusitis?Inflammation of mucus membrane in sinuses
  17. 17Pharynx?(throat) - skeletal muscle lined by mucous membrane
  18. 18Three regions of pharynx?Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
  19. 19Nasopharynx?Air passage posterior to nasal cavity via paired internal nares (nasal apertures) - also connects ears via the (Eustachian) pharyngotympanic tubes
    -Mucosa is ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
  20. 20What is on posterior wall of nasopharynx?Pharyngeal tonsil
  21. 21Oropharynx?Air and food passage posterior to oral cavity; from soft palate to the epiglottis
    -Contains palatine tonsils and lingual tonsil
    -Lined by stratified squamous epithelium
  22. 22Laryngopharynx?Air and food passage from epiglottis to opening of larynx
    -lined by stratified squamous epithelium
  23. 23Larynx?(voice-box) Air passage connecting pharynx to trachea
  24. 24Larynx is composed of what?Composed of eight hyaline cartilages and one non-hyaline cartilage (epiglottis)
  25. 25Single cartilages?Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
  26. 26Epiglottis?Elastic cartilages that covers glottis when swallowing
  27. 27Sinusitis?Inflammation of mucus membrane in sinuses
  28. 28Thyroid cartilage?'Adam's apple' - on anterior wall
  29. 29Cricoid cartilage?Forms complete ring around larynx
  30. 30Paired cartilages?Form part of lateral and posterior larynx
  31. 31Arytenoid cartilages?Anchors vocal cords to posterior wall
  32. 32Vocal cords?(ligaments) Two sets of paired folds under the laryngeal mucosa
  33. 33Vestibular folds?(false vocal cords) - Superior fold, helps close glottis when swallowing
  34. 34Vocal fold?Inferior fold, produce sound by vibration
  35. 35Glottis?True vocal cords and larynx opens
    -Closes to prevent food and liquids from entering trachea
  36. 36Laryngitis?Inflammation of larynx due to infection or irritation
  37. 37Trachea?(windpipe) Air passage anterior to esophagus that connect the larynx to the two primary bronchi
    -Mucosa = ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
    Trachea contains 20 "C-shaped" pieces of hyaline cartilage
    -Open section of "C" (posterior) faces esophagus, permitting it to expand when swallowing
  38. 38Bronchial tree?~23 generations of branches
  39. 39Lungs?Alveoli (~150 million/lung); polyhedral in shape
    -Form part of the respiratory membrane; two epithelial layers fused to a central basement membrane
  40. 40Respiratory membrane?Alveolar epithelium on top, capillary epithelium on bottom
    -Primary site of gas exchange (simple diffusion) (alveolar O2 --> blood plasma; plasma CO2 --> alveoli)
  41. 41Divisions of respiratory membrane?Wall of alveolus, fused alveolus/capillary basement membrane, wall of capillary
  42. 42Wall of alveolus is composed of?Type I alveolar cells (simple squamous), type II cells (simple cuboidal) - secrete surfactant; reduces water tension in alveoli (decreases work of breathing), macrophages; remove dust and debris (move freely across type I cells
  43. 43Wall of capillary tissue type?Simple squamous epithelium ('endothelium')
  44. 44Tuberculosis?TB, consumption; fibrotic lung disease
    -Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    -Lung tissue replaced by fibrous CT (scars); decreases lung elasticity, thickens respiratory membrane, decreases surface area for gas exchange
  45. 45Pulmonary edema?Accumulation of fluid in the lungs
    -Between cells and within alveoli
    -Impairs gas exchange
  46. 46Pulmonary embolism?Blockage of pulmonary vasculature
    -Due to lodged blood clot, fat or air bubbles in lung vessels; tumours
  47. 47Pneumothorax?Entry of air into pleural cavity surrounding a lung
    -Causes that lung to collapse (other lung unaffected)
  48. 48Emphysema?Obstructive lung disease
    -Destruction and collapse of alveoli and smaller airways (decreases surface)
    -Large increase in airway resistance due to loss of elastic fibres (harder to breathe)
  49. 49Lungs separated by what?Mediastinum
  50. 50Right lung?3 lobes; superior, middle, inferior
  51. 51Left lung?2 lobes; superior, inferior, has cardiac notch where heart lies
  52. 52Smooth muscle of bronchi within the lungs...?Innervated by the autonomic nervous system (dilate/constrict bronchi)
  53. 53Pleura?(serous membrane) Surround each lung and connect them to the thoracic cavity wall
  54. 54Layers of pleura?a) parietal layer attached to inner thoracic wall, superior diaphragm, and mediastinum
    b) visceral layer attached to lung surface
    -These membranes form pleural cavities filled with serous fluid
  55. 55Blood supply?A) pulmonary route and B) bronchial route
  56. 56Pulmonary route?For alveolar oxygenation of blood
    Right ventricle --> pulmonary trunk --> right and left pulmonary arteries --> alveolar capillaries (oxygenated now) --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium
  57. 57Bronchial route?Subdivision of systemic circulation
    -Carries O2 to lung tissues (e.g. bronchial walls, pleura)
    -Note: most blood is shunted back to pulmonary circuit
    Left ventricle --> aorta --> bronchial arteries --> bronchial tissues (except alveoli; now deoxygenated) --> now splits into two parts
    - vena cava - right atrium
    -pulmonary veins - left atrium
  58. 58Ventilation divisions?Inspiration and expiration
  59. 59What happens to skeletal muscles during inspiration?Diaphragm (moves inferiorly) and external intercostals (elevate ribs) contract
  60. 60What happens to skeletal muscles during expiration?Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals (elevate ribs), passive recoil of lungs

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Anatomy Flashcards on Anatomy - Respiratory System, created by Emma Granger on 30/12/2016.
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Emma Granger
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