Flashcards
Anatomy - Digestive System
Cards in this deck (93)
- 1Functions of the digestive system?1) Ingestion - food into oral cavity
2) Propulsion - swallowing, peristalsis, segmentation
3) Digestion - conversion of large molecules into smaller, absorbable subunits
4) Absorption - passage of digestion products into the blood and lymph
5) Defecation - elimination of undigested material, wastes - 2Two divisions of the function digestion?i) Mechanical - chewing, churning
ii) Chemical secretions - enzymes, acid, bile salts - 3Four tissue layers of the digestive system - innermost to outer?Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
- 4Three layers of mucosa?Epithelium with many goblet cells, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa
- 5Epithelium with many goblet cells layer tissue types and where they are found?Stratified squamous: pharynx, esophagus, anal canal, and mouth
Simple columnar: stomach, small and large intestine, rectum - 6Lamina propria?(areolar CT) Houses blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphoid tissue
- 7Muscularis mucosa?Smooth muscle layer - produces folds and local movements of the mucosa
- 8Submucosa?Areolar CT layer containing a network of nerve cells (submucosal plexus) and blood and lymphatic vessels
- 9Muscularis externa?Two layers of smooth muscle separated by a 2nd network of nerve cells (myenteric plexus)
- 10Two layers of the muscularis externa?a) thick inner circular layer - contraction constricts the lumen
b) thin outer longitudinal layer - contraction shortens the gut - 11Enteric nervous system?Submucosal + myenteric plexus = enteric nervous system
-Regulates gut secretions and mobility (propulsion and mixing) - 12Serosa?Simple squamous epithelium and areolar CT
- 13Peritoneum?Largest serous membrane of the body; thin continuous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and most organs. Forms a serous-fluid containing peritoneal cavity that lubricates mobile organs
- 14Two layers of peritoneum and what are they?i) visceral peritoneum: lines external surface of digestive organs (=serosa)
ii) parietal peritoneum: lines abdominal cavity wall - 15Mesentery?A fused, double-layer sheet of parietal peritoneum that binds organs to the abdominal cavity wall, and to each other
-Root for blood/lymph vessels and nerves to digestive organs - 16Omenta?Some mesentary create these folds
- 17Two divisions of omenta?a) greater omentum - 'fatty apron'
-draped over transverse colon and small intestine
b) less omentum - extends between liver and stomach - 18Retroperitoneal?Some organs are this, in that they lie behind the peritoneum
Ex: pancreas, duodenum
-Anterior wall = parietal peritoneum
-Posterior wall = sheath of fibrous CT with no epithelium (=adventitia) - 19Peritonitis?Inflammation of the peritoneum, e.g. following rupture of appendix
- 20Oral cavity (mouth) is lined by what?Lined by stratified squamous epithelium (mucous membrane)
- 21Different parts of the oral cavity?Lips, cheek, palate, tongue, and teeth
- 22Two palates?Hard and soft palate
- 23Hard palate?(anterior) Maxilla and palatine bones
- 24Soft palate?(posterior) Arch of skeletal muscle that rises to close nasopharynx when swallowing
-Uvula - 25Uvula?Hanging posterior projection
- 26Tongue?Skeletal muscle
-Attached to hyoid bone - 27Dorsal surface of tongue covered with?i) papilla - projections of mucosa
-contain taste buds
ii) lingual glands
-secrete lingual lipase - 28Teeth?In maxillae and mandible
- 29Children 1^o dentition?Deciduous (milk) teeth
- 30Adult 2^o dentition?Permanent
- 31How many central incisors in children and adults?Child: 4
Adult: 4 - 32How many lateral incisors in children and adults?Child: 4
Adult: 4 - 33How many canines in children and adults?Child: 4
Adult: 4 - 34How many premolars in children and adults?Child: 0
Adult: 8 - 35How many molars in children and adults?Child: 8
Adults: 12 - 36Total teeth in children and adults?Child: 20
Adults: 32 - 37Teeth structures?Crown, neck, root, periodontal ligaments, pulp cavity, root canal
- 38Crown of teeth?Above gum
- 39Parts of crown?Dentin (internal) - calcified CT
Enamel (cover) - acellular Ca2+ phosphate salts - 40Neck?Crown/root boundary
- 41Root?Dentin with overlay of cementum (calcified CT)
- 42Periodontal ligaments?Attach root to jaw bones
- 43Pulp cavity?Contains CT, blood and lymph vessels, nerves
- 44Root canal?Extension of pulp cavity
- 45What are the different paired salivary glands?Parotid, submandibular and sublingual
- 46Parotid glands?Inferior and anterior to ears
-Secrete thin saliva rich
-Mumps - inflammation - 47Submandibular glands?Floor of mouth
-Secrete saliva of mucus and amylase - 48Sublingual glands?Below tongue
-Saliva mostly mucus - 49Saliva?99.5% water
-0.5% solutes (enzymes, ions) - 50Pharynx?(Oropharynx + laryngopharynx)
Similar histology to oral cavity
-Stratified squamous epithelium on muscularis externa - 51Esophagus?Posterior to trachea
-Passes through the diaphragm
-Histology similar to gut, except for:
a) muscularis externa: upper ⅓ (skeletal muscle), middle ⅓ (skeletal/smooth muscle), lower ⅓ (smooth muscle)
b) no series above diaphragm; fibrous CT layer (adventitia) here - 52Roles of the stomach?Stores, partially digests and regulates emptying of chyme (food + gastric juices) into the small intestine
- 53Regions of the stomach?Cardial, fundus, body, and pyloric
- 54Cardial region?Where the esophagus enters
- 55Fundus region?Superior to esophageal entrance
- 56Body region?Midportion
- 57Pyloric region?Inferior; funnel shaped
-Has pyloric sphincter - 58Curvatures of the lateral (greater) and medial surface (lesser) connect to...?The greater and lesser omentum
- 59Unique histology of stomach?a) muscularis externa has an additional layer
b) the mucosa possesses millions of invaginations (pits), each forming a tubular gastric gland (exocrine)
-Secrete gastric juices into the stomach lumen - 60Additional layers of muscularis externa?i) inner oblique
ii) middle circular
iii) outer longitudinal - 61When empty, the mucosa forms what?Forms many folds (rugae)
-Allows expansion without tearing mucosa - 62Specialized cells in the stomach?Chief, parietal, enteroendocrine (G), mucus neck (goblet) cells
- 63Chief cells?Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
- 64Parietal cells?Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
- 65Enteroendocrine (G) cells?Secrete gastrin (hormone) into blood
- 66Mucus neck (goblet) cells?Secrete acidic mucus (stomach pH = ~2)
- 67Small intestine location?From pyloric sphincter to ileocaecal valve
- 68Three parts of small intestine and length?a) duodenum - short (~25 cm)
b) jejenum - (~2.5 m long (6 cm in cadaver))
c) ileum (~2.5 m long (6 cm in cadaver)) - 69Duodenum?Curves around pancreas; retroperitoneal
-Possesses Brunner's glands that secrete alkaline mucous (neutralizes acid chyme, thereby increasing pH)
-Ducts of accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas) enter duodenum here - 70What does the ileum contain?Contains many lymphatic nodules (Peyer's patches; protect against bacteria and infections)
- 71Specializations to increase absorptive surface area?i) submucosa thrown into many circular folds
ii) villi
iii) microvilli - 72Submucosa thrown into many circular folds has what?PIicae circulares
- 73Villi?Fingerlike projections of mucosa
-Contain blood capillaries
-Lacteals (lymph vessels) - absorb fats; drain into cisterna chyli - 74Microvilli?'Brush border'
-On absorptive intestinal cells (enterocytes) - 75Villus epithelium cells?a) enterocytes (with many microvilli)
b) goblet cells - mucus
c) endocrine cells - 76Endocrine cells?In intestinal crypts (crypts of Lieberkuhn)
-Different types secrete hormones that inhibit gastric secretions and emptying - 77Hormones that inhibit secretions?i) secretin - when chyme pH too low
ii) cholecystokinin (CCK) - when chyme [fat] too high - 78Accessory organs?Pancreas, liver, gullbladder
- 79Pancreas?Retroperitoneal
-Divided into head, body, and tail
Has exocrine and endocrine glands - 80Exocrine glands?99%
a) clusters of acing cells that secrete digestive enzymes
b) duct cells that secrete an alkaline fluid
A and B are 'pancreatic juice' - 81Endocrine glands?Islets of Langerhans
-Secrete insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells) to regulate blood sugar levels - 82Liver?Composed of hepatocyte cells
-Four lobes: left, right, quadrate, caudate - 83Liver has many metabolic and digestive roles?i) secretes bile (aids fat digestion) into tiny canals (bile canaliculi) that drain into the common hepatic duct
ii) filters and processes material absorbed from GI tract (e.g. nutrients, toxins) before they are distributed to rest of body - 84Gallbladder?Muscular sac on surface of liver
-Simple columnar epithelium thrown into many folds (when empty)
-Concentrates and stores bile between meals - 85Accessory organ secretions enter duodenum via what?Via a series of ducts
- 86Large intestine?From ileocaecal valve to anus - has no folds or villi
-Simple columnar epithelium; many goblet cells - 87Parts of large intestine?Caecum and appendix, colon, rectum, anus
- 88Caecum and appendix?Inferior to ileocaecal valve
- 89Parts of colon?i) ascending (right side)
ii) hepatic flexure
iii) transverse
iv) splenic flexure
v) descending (left side)
vi) sigmoid - 90Features of colon?1) longitudinal layer of muscularis reduced to three bands
-Teniae coli
2) haustra - pouch-forming folds arising from contraction of teniae
3) epiploic appendages
-Fat-filled sacs of visceral peritoneum - 91Rectum?No teniae coli
-Anal canal (inferior 3 cm) - 92Anus?Stratified squamous epithelium
-Possesses internal (smooth) and external (skeletal) sphincter muscles - 93Portal system?Vessel with capillary beds on both sides
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- Anatomy Flashcards on Anatomy - Digestive System, created by Emma Granger on 31/12/2016.
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- Emma Granger
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