Flashcards
Redeveloping Urban Centres
Cards in this deck (19)
- 1What was there before out-of-town retailing?Before development of out-of-town retail centres, the CBD was the hub of the city- where most shops and entertainment were, and where many businesses had offices.
- 2Does this still exist?In some cities this is still true, but in other there have been decline in CBD when shops and businesses have closed or relocated. Shops left empty, which is unattractive and can lead to vandalism.
- 3Why do people not want to visit a CBD?There are often problems with crime e.g. mugging, partially at night. If people don’t feel safe an area they won’t go there
- 4What happens as result of this?As fewer people go to the city centre to shop and entertainment, investment is likely to decrease because business owners don’t think it’s worth opening shops or services there, leading to further decline. The CBD has been affected by changes in retiring over the past 30 years in the UK.
- 5Factors influencing urban decline: . Car . Policies . Greenfield sites. Car ownership
. Planning policies encourage urban expansion and provide out-of-town developments
. City councils, determined to attract new industry/inward investment, offer greenfield sites for development - 6Factors influencing urban decline: . Cheaper . Access. Companies find peripheral locations cheaper, nearer affluent customers
. Investors and businesses attracted to peripheral sites with good access, pleasant environments and often lower cost. - 7Factors influencing urban decline: . Prices . Investment . Traffic. Costs of development and upkeep of CBD are high.
. Investment in city centres has been largely in prestige projects
. Congestion means accessibility to CBDs are reduced - 8Factors influencing urban decline: . Suburbanisation . Perceptions. Progressive suburbanisation leads to urban sprawl; for edge cities, the city centre may be very far away.
. City centres are perceived as dirty, unsafe, ageing environment and poor infrastructure - 9Who is trying to correct the situation?Governments and local councils redevelop city centres to draw people and investment back.
- 10Strategies: . AttractiveMaking shopping areas more attractive by creating pedestrian zones, adding benches and planting trees and flower beds. Pavements also improved to make it easier for people with prams and wheelchairs.
- 11Strategies: . Malls . Markets. Building new shopping malls (e.g. Liverpool One) or renovating old ones (e.g. the Arndale Centre in Manchester). These have plenty of parking spaces and many shops under one roof to compete with out-of-town retail centres.
. Opening street markets to improve the atmosphere and encourage people to shop in the city centre by increasing the range of products available, e.g. farmers’ markets selling local food. - 12Strategies: . Transport . Hours . Buildings. Improving public transport into town centre to decrease congestion, e.g. park and ride schemes.
. Increasing opening hours to include late night and Sunday shopping.
. Conservation schemes such as refurbishment of historic buildings in heritage cities like Bath and York, to attract shoppers and tourists. - 13Strategies: . EnvironmentsConstruction of all-weather shopping malls that are air-conditioned in the summer and heated in winter and which often have integral low-cost parking
- 14What happened next?To complete with the range of facilities available at out-of-town shopping centres, some cities investing in entertainment and leisure facilities and cultural events in their CBD, and some building new housing.
- 15Examples: . FacilitiesMore cafes, bars, restaurants and entertainment venues e.g. cinemas and theatres, to bring popped into city centre. Overall, this helps to reduce crime and vandalism because city centre is busier, but can produce other problems e.g. drunkenness that mean more place needed on streets at busy times e.g. Saturdays nights. E.g. St Peter’s Square in Nottingham was made more attractive by planting shrubs, giving permission for open-air cafes and employing staff to clean the area early in the morning.
- 16Examples: . CulturePromoting free cultural entertainment in city centre, e.g. cultural festivals or street theatre. In Liverpool, the Liverpool Light Night is a cultural evening where galleries and museums stay open late and offer free entry to visitors. There’s street theatre, light displays and live music all around city centre. Street entertainment e.g. Covent Garden.
- 17Examples: . Nightlife . Flagship. Developing nightlife
. Opening flagship attractions- there are major visit attraction that draw people in from wide area and act as a focal point for tourism and regeneration. E.g. the Lightbox in Woking is a gallery and museum which hosts visiting art exhibitions and runs workshops for schools and community groups. People come to visit these attractions and then many visit shops and restaurants nearby. - 18Examples: . Theme areas . Residential property. The establishment of theme areas such as the gay village in Manchester, where number of bars and restaurants have opened in former cotton factories and warehouses along the Rochdale Canal. These theme areas are often attractive to tourists as well as locals.
. The development of more residential property- building new apartments and renovating old industrial buildings. If more people live in the CBD they are more likely to use facilities there - 19What are these projects doing?All these projects are helping bring more into city centre, particularly when they are combined with wider re-urbanisation and gentrification in urban areas. Bringing more people into CBD means shops and businesses are more likely to invest there and the community feel of a town or city centre is preserved.
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- A2 A2 Geography (World Cities ) Flashcards on Redeveloping Urban Centres, created by Alice Kimpton on 04/02/2017.
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