Flashcards
Children's spoken language
Cards in this deck (38)
- 1OrthographyThe spelling system
- 2PolitenessAn aspect of pragmatics that refers to the cultural rules of a community and regulates how social relationships are negotiated. Everyday use of the term 'polite' tends to be associated with surface aspects such as table manners and saying 'please' and 'thank you'. These aspects are connected with the academic concept but it goes much deeper than this, including all aspects of cultural rules about appropriate language use in social engagemets
- 3ComprehensionThe ability to understand language, which might differ from how much an individual can produce
- 4ProductionThe language that people can produce, which might be different from how much they they can understand
- 5Productive vocabularyVocabulary that can be put to use
- 6Overextended/OverextentionApplying a label to more referents than it should have. E.g. a child saying 'sea' to label any body of water
- 7Underextended/UnderextentionApplying a label to fewer referents than it should have e.g. a child saying 'milk' to refer to milk in their own cup, but not a picture of some milk in a book
- 8Analogical overextensionsExtending a label from one item to another by connecting their functions or how they are perceived. Although the connections may have some logic to them, they differ from existing categories
- 9Categorical overextensionsInappropriately extending the meaning of a label to other members in the same category e.g. a child calling all leafy green vegetables 'cabbage'.
- 10HypernymThe name of a category e.g. 'vegetable' is a hypernym and 'carrot', 'cabbage' and 'onion' are all hypernyms
- 11Mismatch StatementIn child language studies, when a child makes a connection based on what is normally the case, but isn't the case on this particular occasion
- 12Predicate statementAn alternative term for mismatch statement
- 13Bound morphemeA morpheme that does not exist as an independent word but adds meaning to a free morpheme e.g. the free morpheme 'help' can have the bound morphemes 'un', 'ful' and 'ly' added to it to create the 4-morpheme word 'unhelpfully'
- 14Free MorphemeA morpheme that can exist as an independent word
- 15Gestalt expressionThe term 'gestalt' is German for 'shape' or 'form' and refers to the way in which children at a certain age can compress a string of words into a single utterance e.g. while an adult would say 'what is that?' a child might say 'wassat?'
- 16Holophrase/HolophrasticHolophrastic means 'whole phrase' and, as it suggests, refers to the stage of language acquisition where whole phrases can be expressed via a single word, aka, the one word-stage
- 17One word stageAka the holophrastic stage, this refers to the stage of language of language acquisition where a single word can stand for a whole expression
- 18SegmentTo be able to segment something is perceive the boundaries or breaks between the units. This is a skill that is gradually acquired. Adults may not be aware of how they run word together in speech e.g. a child one asked a teacher how to spell 'sponner' he'd heard 'Once upon a time' as 'One Sponner time'
- 19Two word stageInvolves children using two words to create mini-sentences, with the word order often resembling adult speech
- 20Auxiliary verbThese are verbs that help other verbs and include the verbs 'be', 'do' and 'have'
- 21Pivot schemaThe use by children of certain key words as a 'pivot' to generate many utterances
- 22Telegraphic stageA stage where children produce abbreviated speech that like SMS messages in the modern world, misses out the grammatical structures and markings that are not essential for understanding
- 23AspectThis refers to the way in which certain grammatical markings on verbs forms indicate whether an action or stage is ongoing e.g. the 'ing' form in 'looking' suggests continuous action: the 'ing' ending is called a 'progressive
- 24Post-telegraphic stageA developmental stage that goes beyond children's use of abbreviated speech
- 25TenseRefers to the way in which verbs can indicate time e.g. the 'ed' ending on a verb such as 'look' indicates past time
- 26Virtuous errorA mistake that has an underlying logic, showing that learning has taken place
- 27OvergeneralizationApplying a rule and assuming that every example follows the same system, without realizing that there are exceptions
- 28TurntakingThe way in which participants take turns at talk in interactions
- 29Behaviourism/BehaviouristWithin studies of language acquisition, a notion of learned behaviour as a set of responses to stimuli
- 30InnateSomething built-in, already in place
- 31NativistA belief that language acquisition relies on an in-built capacity for language in humans
- 32NurtureThe idea that language development results from being socialized by people around the learner
- 33Child directed speech (CDS)The speech that parents and caregivers use with children
- 34Language Acquisition DeviceChomsky's idea of an innate capacity for language learning in humans
- 35ConstructionReady-made chunks of language that can be used productively to express many ideas. This model is also called a usage-based approach
- 36CognitiveRefers to thinking processes in the brain
- 37Object permanenceObjects exist even when they cannot be seen
- 38SerialismObjects being in a series
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- AS - Level English language (Language Acquisition) Flashcards on Children's spoken language, created by Ben Mussell on 14/02/2017.
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- Ben Mussell
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