8024752
Description
Flashcards by Natalia Cliff, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natalia Cliff
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Questionnaire | A set of standard questions about a topic that is given to all participants in the survey |
| Survey | A method used for collecting information from a large number of people by asking them questions either by using a questionnaire or an interview |
| Closed Question | A question where the possible responses are fixed. Often yes or no |
| Open Question | A question where the person answering can give any response they like |
| Ecological Validity | The results of the investigation can be said to apply to real life behaviour. They are an accurate account of behaviour in the real world |
| Closed Questions Advantages | -Data is easy to collate -Percentages can be quickly worked out -Responses can be displayed graphically |
| Closed Questions Disadvantages | -Little detail is given -Answers can't be explained -Options offered may not be clear enough or not representative of what the respondent wishes to say |
| Open Questions Advantages | -Lot's of detail and information provided -Answers can be explained -Answers given are representative of what they wish to say |
| Open Questions Disadvantages | -Very hard to collate -When categories are formed depth and detail is lost |
| Questionnaires Disadvantages | -May be ambiguous -Leading Questions -Emotive questions may upset people -Social desirability |
| Questionnaires Advantages | -A lot of data can be collected quickly -Can use open and closed questions each with their own advantages -Ethical |
| Interview | A method in which a researcher collects data by asking questions directly |
| Structured Interview | An interview in which all the questions are pre-set, given in a fixed order and every interviewee is asked the same questions |
| Unstructured Interview | An interview in which only the first question is set and all the other questions are determined by the answers of the interviewee |
| Types of Interviews | -Face to face -On the phone -Over skype |
| Unstructured Interview Advantages | -Detailed -Ecological Validity -large amounts of data -Provide information that cannot be merely observed |
| Unstructured Interview Disadvantages | -Researcher does not know if interviewee is truthful (inaccurate) -Difficult to collate and analyse |
| Structured Interviews Advantages | -large amounts of data -Provide information that cannot be merely observed -Easily collated and analysed |
| Structured Interview Disadvantages | -Researcher does not know if interviewee is truthful (inaccurate) -Lack detail -Interviewer is unable to ask a clarifying question |
| Natural Observation | Watching the behaviour of people who are in their usual environment |
| Categories of Behaviour | The separate actions that are recorded as examples of the target behaviour |
| Inter-Observer reliability | when this is high the records made by more than one observer in a study are considered to be accurate because they match or are very similar to each other |
| Natural Observation VS Observation study | Natural observation are conducted in the participants' natural environment. Observation studies can be natural observations but can also be conducted in a lab setting |
| Observation Advantages | -High in ecological validity -No misleading information given |
| Observation Disadvantages | -Researchers don't know why the behaviour occurred -Mistakes may be made when interpreting behaviour (inaccurate) -Unethical due to no consent -Difficult and time-consuming |
| Case Study | an in-depth investigation of an individual, a small group or an organisation |
| Case Study Advantages | -Detailed information provided about individuals (rather than score) -Record behaviour over time -One case study can disprove entire theory (prompt new research) |
| Case Study Disadvantages | -Very subjective -Interpretations can be biased (unreliable) -Case study is unique (no generalisation) -Ethical issues (confidentiality, withdrawal, protection) |
| Relationship | A connection between two or more variables |
| Correlation | A technique used by researchers to establish the strength of a relationship between two variables CORRELATION does not imply CAUSATION |
| Positive correlation | A relationship between two variables in which, as the variable of one variable increases, the value of the other variables also increases |
| Negative correlation | A relationship between two variables in which, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases |
| No correlation | There is no relationship between the two variables |
| Correlation Advantage | -Allows a researcher to see if two variables are connected -Can be used when experiment is impossible/unethical (e.g. smoking) |
| Correlation Disadvantages | -Doesn't indicate which of the two variables caused the relationship -Large amounts of data needed |
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