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Flashcards

Avian anatomy JM

Rachael Jones 2. Exotics ASH2 English 120 cards

Cards in this deck (120)

  1. 1Where are scales found on birds?Break, legs and feet
  2. 2What are feathers?Modified scales
  3. 3Why does a bird only have a single occipital condyle?For a larger range of motion of the jaw for consuming food
  4. 4What is the single middle ear bone?Columella
  5. 5How many bones are fused together to make the jaw-bone?5
  6. 6What are the bones that are equivalent to the mammalian ossicles?Caudal articular = malleus
    Quadrate = incus
    Columella = stapes
  7. 7What is the comb?Epidermal structure on the top of the head. Ornamental skin structure that is well vascularised
    - Prone to injury
  8. 8Where are wattles found in galliformes?Under the mandible
  9. 9What feathers cover the external ear openings?Covert feathers
  10. 10What retractable external feature is found in turkeys and is engorged with blood as part of a mating display?Snood
  11. 11What are cere?Proximal enlargement of external nares which can be used to help determine the health of the animal
  12. 12How can the cere be used to sex budgies?Male are blue
    Female are brown
    Young are pink
  13. 13Give 3 different foot morphologies.1. Anisodactyl
    2. Zygodactyl
    3. Palmate
  14. 14What are anisodactyl?Chickens
    - Perching position
    - Digit I is caudal
    - Digit II is medial and IV is lateral
    - Digit III points cranial
  15. 15What is zygodactyl?Parrots
    - Climbing
    - Digits I and IV are caudal
    - Digits II and III are cranial
  16. 16What are palmate birds?Swimming birds
    - All digits are cranial
    - sometimes a web of skin between digits
  17. 17What does the anatomy of the bird depend on?Diet
  18. 18What is the bird beak?- Replaces the lips and teeth of mammals
    - Horny (heavily keratinised) epithelium overlying vascular dermis above the bone
    - Continuously growing and contains calcium carbonate
    - Sensitive structure
  19. 19What is the name for the keratin layer of the beak and what are the two sections?Rhampotheca
    1. Rhinotheca - maxilla section
    2. Gnathotheca - mandibular section
  20. 20What are beak/tongue modifications found in waterfowl?Teeth like structures on beak and tongue has bristles on to interdigitate to act as filter system
  21. 21What is a common problem with the beak?Overgrowth if not worn down
  22. 22What are general features of the bird eye?1. Large, beady eyes
    2. Well developed third eyelid
    3. Lower lid more mobile
  23. 23What in the brain reflects the importance of the eye of birds?Large optic lobe (equivalent to mid brain)
  24. 24What is a feature of the third eye lid to allow vision?Transparent
  25. 25What does the normal eye look like?Iris is pigmented - pigment reduced slightly in laying season as lost in yolk
  26. 26What is a sign of Marek's disease?Blue iris
    (caused by Herpe's virus - can lead to tumours in nerves)
  27. 27What are the functions of the feathers?1. Protect thin avian skin - prone to tearing
    2. Provide insulation and waterproofing
    3. Essential for flight
    4. Courtship displays
    5. Hearing
  28. 28Why is avian skin so thin?Don't store fat due to being light for flight
  29. 29What is the main system for waterproofing in birds?The velcro effect of barbs and barbules
  30. 30How can feathers be used for hearing?Owl - Act like a funnel to capture sound
  31. 31What is a feature of owl ears?Asymmetrically placed
  32. 32Give 4 types of contour feathers that provide external shape.1. Primary remiges
    2. Secondary remiges
    3. Coverts
    4. Rectrices
  33. 33Where do the primary remiges attach?Manus
  34. 34What can be done to temporarily stop flight?Take a chunk out of primary remiges
  35. 35Where do the secondary remiges attach?To ulnar
  36. 36What is the function of the coverts?External shape and fill in a gap
  37. 37Where do the rectrices attach?Last few fused caudal vertebrae - pygostyle
  38. 38What is the function of the rectrices?Steering
  39. 39What can be done to prevent flight altogether?Pinioning - amputate the hand area but leave the alula (bastard wing)
  40. 40Why is the alula left in pinioning?Allow the bird to look normal when the wings are folded in. Also for air flow
  41. 41What are the podotheca?Keratinised structure - that allows the force of landing to be withstood
  42. 42What is the name for feather tracts?Pterylae
  43. 43Give 2 functions for the featherless areas.Incision
    Subcutaneous injection
  44. 44What allows for generation of lift?The air flow over the wing being modified
    - quicker over top and slower underneath
  45. 45How can the featherless areas be used to thermoregulate?Fluff themselves out to expose the featherless areas
  46. 46What are patagia?Flaps of skin between the body and limb
  47. 47What is the main patagia in birds and where is it found?Propatagium - 'wing web'
    - forms leading edge of wing between shoulder and carpus
  48. 48What is the function of the propatagium?Has propatagial muscles and ligament - vital for flight and can alter the tension at different speeds
    - Sub cutaneous injections at this site
  49. 49What is the function of the uropygial gland?Maintains feather condition and waterproofing
    - dark secretions used to create a bacterialstatic layer - few skin problems
  50. 50What is the uropygial gland and where is it located?Bilobed with a projection
    - Found at the attachment of the rectrices feathers
  51. 51Do birds have sweat glands?No
  52. 52Give 6 general facts of the external features.1. Ornamental skin outgrowths on head in some
    2. Beak: counterpart of mammalian lips/teeth
    3. Scales on legs
    4. Loose, thin skin
    5. Feathers: remiges and retrices
    6. Uropygial gland
  53. 53What is the general shape of the pheasant skull?Pyramidal
  54. 54What is found in the orbit?Sclera ossicles - to keep shape of eye, due to vision being important for survival
  55. 55What is a feature of nares of birds?Vary with species
  56. 56What bone allows for cranial kinesis?Pterygoid- palatine
  57. 57What is the thin bone on the lateral side of the skull from cranial to caudal?Jugal arch
  58. 58How many bones fuse to form the mandible?5
  59. 59What is cranial kinesis?The movement of the brain,
    depression of the mandible allows for elevation of the beak due to the craniofacial hinge joint
  60. 60How many cervical vertebrae do chickens have and is this constant across all birds?14
    - no species variations due to need for grasping food and reaching uropygial gland
  61. 61In what species of bird is there a large, keeled sternum?Carinates - birds that fly well
  62. 62What is the notarium?Fused thoracic vertebrae
  63. 63What is the synsacrum?Fused thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccygeal vertebrae
    - Opened ventrally to allow passage of egg
  64. 64Why are the metatarsals rigid?Withstand the force of landing
  65. 65What is the manus for?Point of attachment of feathers
    - reduced due to fusion/loss of elements
  66. 66Give bones of the hindlimb.Tibiotarsus
    Tarso-metatarsus
  67. 67What is the name for the last few coccygeal vertebrae that are fused?Pygostyle
    - Parson's nose
    (rectrices attached)
  68. 68Why does ankylosing spondylolisthesis (kinky back) occur?- Growing too fast
    - Synovial joints found either side of the vertebrae after the notarium
    - Weakness point and allows abnormal movement
  69. 69Give the bones of the wing.Scapula
    Coracoid
    Furcula
    Humerus
    Radius
    Ulna
    Carpal bones
    Minor/major metacarpals
    Digits
  70. 70What is the scapula of the bird?Elongated
    - along rib cage, thin bone
  71. 71Where is the coracoid?Shoulder to sternum
    - brace for wing
  72. 72What is the furcula?Fused clavicles
    - muscle attachment
    - Sternum attaches
    - Helps with up-beat motion, using minimal energy
  73. 73Is the radius or ulna larger?Ulna
  74. 74What are features of bone that allow for flight?Thin cortical bone
    Large medullary cavities
  75. 75What is the problem with thin cortical bone?Easily broken - and therefore allows entry to respiratory tract - leads to infections
  76. 76Why are the flight muscles of chickens lighter than other bird species?Not used in flight and therefore not packed with myoglobin
  77. 77Where do the flight muscles run?Sternum to humerus
  78. 78Give the 2 flight muscles.1. Supracoracoideus - tendon passes through the triosseal canal (foramen troisseum) allows for abduction, and the up beat
    2. Pectorals - adduction
  79. 79What are the 3 muscles that make the triosseal canal?Scapula, coracoid, furcula
  80. 80Where does the supracoracoideus insert on the humerus?Dorsally (act through a pulley system)
  81. 81What are the 3 functions of the respiratory system?1. Gaseous exchange
    2. Vocalisation
    3. Thermoregulation
  82. 82What are features of the bird respiratory system?- Small lungs, only place for gaseous exchange
    - Extensive air sacs
    - No diaphragm
    - External nares -> choanae (internal nares) -> glottis
  83. 83What is found separating the lungs from all other viscera?Horizontal septum
  84. 84What does the choanae lie over the top of to allow air into trachea?Laryngeal mound - glottis
  85. 85What is the area of vocalisation?Syrinx
  86. 86What is the issue with air sacs?Harbour disease due to having poor blood supply
  87. 87What are features of the trachea?Long
    Wider than comparable mammals
    Extra dead space so slower respiratory rate
    Complete interlocking rings
    Ends in syrinx
  88. 88What is the syrinx?- No vocal chords
    - Tympaniform membranes
    - 5 pairs of syringeal muscles in songbirds
    - Some birds (Lyre) can mimic environment
    - Osseus bulla
  89. 89What can the osseus bulla be used for?Sexing as only found in males of some species
  90. 90What is there in the base of the trachea before bifurcation?Narrowing/ constriction
  91. 91Why are bird lungs more rigid?Have cartilaginous tissue
  92. 92What is present instead of alveoli in bird lungs?Mesobronchi
    Parobronchi - gaseous exchange here
  93. 93In what direction does air flow occur in the lungs?Unidirectional
    Caudal to cranial
    - comes from the air sacs
  94. 94What is the function of the air sacs?Thin walled, single layer thick structures
    - Bidirectional airflow so air in and out
    - Reduce the heat created by flight
    - Store air with high oxygen concentration and supply respiratory surface
  95. 95What is the issue with air sacs?Breaks in the humerus can open up the air sacs and cause infection to occur
    - Poor blood supply and so can lead to infection harbouring
  96. 96What is found in the oropharynx?- Choana
    - Infundibular cleft - opening into auditory tube
    - Laryngeal mound (cartilaginous)
    - Mechanical papillae - caudal pointing for swallowing
    - Tongue - not protruded
  97. 97Where is the oesophagus located?To the right
  98. 98What is found on the oesophagus?Enlarged at thoracic inlet to form the crop
  99. 99What are features of the crop?- Large in grain/nut eating birds
    - Small in fish eaters
    - Fusiform enlargement in waterfowl
    - Thin walled
  100. 100What is the crop for?Storage organ before digestion
  101. 101What is produced in pigeons (male and female) in response to prolactin?Crop milk to feed young
  102. 102What are the 2 sections of stomach?1. Glandular stomach - paraventriculus
    2. Muscular gizzard - ventriculus
  103. 103What are features of the gizzard?- Mechanical breakdown
    - Smooth muscle
    - Internal koilin layer for protection
    - Stones and grit can be found to help grind food
    - Replaces the teeth
  104. 104What are features of the liver and gall bladder?- Bilobed
    - Large
    - Gall bladder under right lobe
    - Gall bladder not always present
  105. 105What shape is the duodeum and what organ is closely associated?U shape
    - Pancreas
  106. 106What is the boundary between the ileum and jejunum?Vitelline diverticulum - yolk sac used to attach here
  107. 107What shape is the spleen normally?Circular
  108. 108What is found in granivorous birds?Paired ceca
    - Arise at junction of ileum and colorectum
  109. 109What is another term for large intestines in birds due to being so short?Colorectum
  110. 110What is the cloaca?- Termination of urinary, reproductive and digestive systems
    - Bell-shaped pouch at end of rectum
    - Bursa of fabricius in dorsal wall (immature birds)
  111. 111What is the function of bursa of fabricius?Production of B lymphocytes
  112. 112What are features of the male reproductive tract?- Paired, bean-shaped testes
    - At cranial pole of kidney
    - Close to aorta/ vena cava medially
    - Hard to visualise out of breeding season
    - In abdomen
  113. 113What are features of the phallus?- Not always protrudable
    - Not present in some species (parrots, finches, pigeons, birds or prey)
    - Solely reproductive where present
    - Engorges with lymph not blood
  114. 114What are features of the female reproductive tract?- Ovary and oviduct (left develops, right doesn't)
    - Ovary lies at cranial tip of kidney
    - Large follicles
  115. 115What appears on the follicle when ready to release?Stigma - white line of devascularised tissue
  116. 116What are features of the oviduct?- Conducts fertilized ovum to cloaca
    - Adds many nutrients
    - Encloses embryo in shell
  117. 117What does the oviduct consist of?- Infundibulum - funnel like at beginning to receive ovum
    - Magnum - glandular, prolific blood supply, large, albumin added
    - Isthmus - some albumin added
    - Uterus - shell gland
    - Vagina - opens into cloaca
  118. 118What is the urinary system in birds?- Kidneys
    1. Paired, large, retroperitoneal
    2. Within synsacrum
    3. Cranial, middle and caudal parts
    - Ureters - opens into urodeum of cloaca
    - No bladder - not masses of urine to store due to flight
  119. 119What is found in seas birds to help deal with removal of salt?Salt gland (renal tissue) - removes salt and salt secretion travels down beak and drops off near tip
    - found on the dorsal midline of head
  120. 120What don't seas birds have?Large nares - due to pressure that would be created in head when diving under water

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2. Exotics ASH2 (Birds) Flashcards on Avian anatomy JM, created by Rachael Jones on 27/03/2017.
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