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Description
Flashcards by Kristina Redd, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Kristina Redd
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Unsaturated fat is a _____ fat. | Good |
| Saturated and trans fat and cholesterol are all _____ fat. | Bad |
| What are lipids: hydrophilic or hydrophobic? | Hydrophobic |
| Are lipids polar or nonpolar? | Very nonpolar |
| What form of energy do lipids take in the diet? | dietary triglycerides |
| What form of energy do lipids take in energy stores? | adipose tissue glycerides |
| What are significant advantages of triglycerides? | Highly reduced (energy-rich), compact for energy storage, good insulator |
| What are specific amphipathic lipids? | phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol |
| What are examples of signaling molecules? | 2nd messenger systems; eicosanoids; steroid hormones |
| Name 4 fat-soluble vitamins. | A (vision), D (bones/teeth), E (anti-oxidant), K (blood clotting) |
| What are the building blocks of most lipids? | Fatty Acids |
| CH3(CH2)16COOH | Stearic Acid |
| Identify the lipid and the shorthand. | Steric Acid 18:0 |
| What are all fatty acids ionized at? | physiological pH; pKa <5 |
| Identify alpha, beta, and omega. | |
| What does omega-# indicate? | The double bond closest to the methyl end is # carbons from the w end. |
| What does "methylene-interrupted" mean? | The configuration contains more than one cis double bond. Always 3C between C=C bonds. |
| If the shorthand for FA is 18:2w6, what dies it look like and what is the name? | |
| Virtually all FA are esterified to 3-C glycerol as what? | Triglycerides (energy stores), phospholipids (membranes) |
| What is the destination for "free" FAs (complexed w/ albumin)? | Transported from adipose to other tissues for [ox] |
| How are some FAs oxidized for energy? | Into the FA~CoA form |
| How are FAs critical to life? | energy storage for use during fasting |
| What is the correlation between melting point and chain length? | MP increases as chain length increases |
| What are the two primary physiological functions of lipids? | hydrophobicity and fluidity |
| A lipid must be long enough that the carbon chain outweighs its ____ end. | Polar |
| True/False: The melting points of fatty acis increase as saturation increases. | True. MP for stearic acid (18:0) > MP for linolenic acid (18:3) |
| True/False: The MP for saturated fatty acids is typically below body temperature. | False. Saturated fatty acids have a MP far above body temp to prevent them from melting. |
| What two components of membrane lipids and adipose tissue triglycerides are regulated to maintain appropriate fluidity? | chain length and degree of unsaturation |
| The last carbon of a double bond is always considered as the ____ in shorthand nomenclature. | omega |
| What form do all C=C double bonds take: cis or trans? | cis |
| What characteristics make trans-FA bad? | no kinks and tightly packed |
| Why are "kinks" in fatty acids good for membranes? | less packing and increase fluidity |
| T/F: Increasing saturation also increases oxidation. | False. Increasing saturation = higher MP = solid = less oxidation = prolonged shelf life |
| Which is good cholesterol and which is bad cholesterol? | HDL-cholesterol = good LDL-cholesterol = bad |
| What does trans-FA do to LDL and HDL cholesterols? | Increase LDL and decrease HDL |
| What is the chemical reaction when an alcohol (glycerol) joins a COOH (fatty acid)? | ester (glyceride) |
| Identify this fatty acid. | Triglyceride |
| What makes plant oils better than animal fats when cooking? | Vegetable oils and polyunsaturated FAs are more unsaturated than animal fats (except tropical oils). There also isn't cholesterol in plant oils. |
| _____ are esters of long-chain alcohols and long-chain FAs. | Waxes |
| What are examples of waxes? | cetyl alcohol & palmitic acid |
| What is special about cetyl-palmitate? | It is a principal component of spermaceti, pearly white translucent wax highly prized as fragrance. |
| What are other common waxes in nature? | lanolin (sheep wool) bee's wax (honey combs) |
| What are 3 ways of assessing obesity? | BMI (height vs. weight), skin-fold thickness, and body density |
| How do you calculate calories when considering exercise? | Calculate calories supplied by endogenous protein, fat, and carbohydrate during the starvation period |
| What is the respiratory quotient (RQ)? What is the equation and how is it measured? | RQ is measured to determine which fuel source (carbs, fat, protein) is being utilized. RQ = ∆CO2/-∆O2 Fuel and RQ: Carbs = 1.00, Fat = 0.71, Protein = 0.81 |
| What is saponification? | Alkaline hydrolysis of fat to make soap. It allows synthetic detergents to be amphipathic. |
| What is the chemical process of saponification? | |
| What makes phospholipids a vital component of membranes? | - glycerol backbone (like TG) - 2 FA in ester linkages - phosphate + X (choline, ethanolamine, serine, inositol) - amphipathic (amphi = both) |
| What is the THE defining component of biological membranes? | |
| Name this phospholipid. | Phosphatidylcholine (PC) |
| Name this phospholipid. | Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) |
| Name this sterol.* | Cholesterol |
| Name this sterol.* | Glycocholate |
| Name this sterol. | Testosterone |
| What is it about the amphipathic nature of PL and glycolipids that make it vital to life? | glycolipids = hydrophobic tails + polar heads --> ability to form micelles in water lipid bilayer is 2 molecule thick and is a framework for all bio membranes. |
| What is a liposome? | A sphere w/ inner aqueous compartment (similar shape to a micelle) |
| How do proteins diffuse? | Laterally, unless restricted by other cell components |
| What is coined as "lipid rafts" in a plasma membrane? | microdomains |
| What two carbohydrate chains are specific only to the extracellular portion of a plasma membrane? | glycolipids and glycoproteins |
| What are special proteins (such as PL, cholesterol, and glycolipids) called when embedded in lipid bilayer? | integral proteins |
| Identify the plasma membrane. | |
| What is a potent "local" hormone derived from AAs in PL membranes via phospholipase A2? | eicosanoids |
| Arachidonic acid can develop into these two eicosanoids (cell-specific synthetases) using cyclooxygenase as enzyme. | prostaglandins & thromboxanes |
| Arachidonic acid can develop into this eicosanoid using lipoxygenase as enzyme. | Leukotriene |
| What are a few side effects of eicosanoids? | pain, inflammation, vasoconstriction/dilation, ulcers, heart attack |
| What enzyme is used for a phospholipid in a cell membrane to develop into an Arachidonic Acid? | PLase A2 |
| How does aspirin/vioxx/celebrex decrease an eicosanoid from progressing into more detrimental forms? | It cuts off cyclooxygenase after it has developed into arachidonic acid so that it can't become a prostaglandin or a thromboxane. |
| How do hormones act? Steroid hormones? Hydrophilic hormones? | |
| What specific omegas are required in the diet? | w6 and w3 |
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