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Flashcards

Lipid Chemistry and Metabolism

Kristina Redd Biochemistry English 69 cards

Lipid Chemistry and Metabolism

Cards in this deck (69)

  1. 1Unsaturated fat is a _____ fat.Good
  2. 2Saturated and trans fat and cholesterol are all _____ fat.Bad
  3. 3What are lipids: hydrophilic or hydrophobic?Hydrophobic
  4. 4Are lipids polar or nonpolar?Very nonpolar
  5. 5What form of energy do lipids take in the diet?dietary triglycerides
  6. 6What form of energy do lipids take in energy stores?adipose tissue glycerides
  7. 7What are significant advantages of triglycerides?Highly reduced (energy-rich), compact for energy storage, good insulator
  8. 8What are specific amphipathic lipids?phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol
  9. 9What are examples of signaling molecules?2nd messenger systems; eicosanoids; steroid hormones
  10. 10Name 4 fat-soluble vitamins.A (vision), D (bones/teeth), E (anti-oxidant), K (blood clotting)
  11. 11What are the building blocks of most lipids?Fatty Acids
  12. 12CH3(CH2)16COOHStearic AcidCH3(CH2)16COOH
  13. 13Identify the lipid and the shorthand.Steric Acid
    18:0    Identify the lipid and the shorthand.
  14. 14What are all fatty acids ionized at?physiological pH; pKa <5
  15. 15Identify alpha, beta, and omega.Identify alpha, beta, and omega.Identify alpha, beta, and omega.
  16. 16What does omega-# indicate?The double bond closest to the methyl end is # carbons from the w end.
  17. 17What does "methylene-interrupted" mean?The configuration contains more than one cis double bond. Always 3C between C=C bonds.
  18. 18If the shorthand for FA is 18:2w6, what dies it look like and what is the name?If the shorthand for FA is 18:2w6, what dies it look like and what is the name?
  19. 19Virtually all FA are esterified to 3-C glycerol as what?Triglycerides (energy stores), phospholipids (membranes)
  20. 20What is the destination for "free" FAs (complexed w/ albumin)?Transported from adipose to other tissues for [ox]
  21. 21How are some FAs oxidized for energy?Into the FA~CoA form
  22. 22How are FAs critical to life?energy storage for use during fasting
  23. 23What is the correlation between melting point and chain length?MP increases as chain length increases
  24. 24What are the two primary physiological functions of lipids?hydrophobicity and fluidity
  25. 25A lipid must be long enough that the carbon chain outweighs its ____ end.Polar
  26. 26True/False: The melting points of fatty acis increase as saturation increases.True.
    MP for stearic acid (18:0) > MP for linolenic acid (18:3)
  27. 27True/False: The MP for saturated fatty acids is typically below body temperature.False.
    Saturated fatty acids have a MP far above body temp to prevent them from melting.
  28. 28What two components of membrane lipids and adipose tissue triglycerides are regulated to maintain appropriate fluidity?chain length and degree of unsaturation
  29. 29The last carbon of a double bond is always considered as the ____ in shorthand nomenclature.omega
  30. 30What form do all C=C double bonds take: cis or trans?cis
  31. 31What characteristics make trans-FA bad?no kinks and tightly packed
  32. 32Why are "kinks" in fatty acids good for membranes?less packing and increase fluidity
  33. 33T/F: Increasing saturation also increases oxidation.False.
    Increasing saturation = higher MP = solid = less oxidation = prolonged shelf life
  34. 34Which is good cholesterol and which is bad cholesterol?HDL-cholesterol = good
    LDL-cholesterol = bad
  35. 35What does trans-FA do to LDL and HDL cholesterols?Increase LDL and decrease HDL
  36. 36What is the chemical reaction when an alcohol (glycerol) joins a COOH (fatty acid)?ester
    (glyceride)
  37. 37Identify this fatty acid.TriglycerideIdentify this fatty acid.
  38. 38What makes plant oils better than animal fats when cooking?Vegetable oils and polyunsaturated FAs are more unsaturated than animal fats (except tropical oils). There also isn't cholesterol in plant oils.
  39. 39_____ are esters of long-chain alcohols and long-chain FAs.Waxes
  40. 40What are examples of waxes?cetyl alcohol & palmitic acid
  41. 41What is special about cetyl-palmitate?It is a principal component of spermaceti, pearly white translucent wax highly prized as fragrance.
  42. 42What are other common waxes in nature?lanolin (sheep wool)
    bee's wax (honey combs)
  43. 43What are 3 ways of assessing obesity?BMI (height vs. weight), skin-fold thickness, and body density
  44. 44How do you calculate calories when considering exercise?Calculate calories supplied by endogenous protein, fat, and carbohydrate during the starvation period
  45. 45What is the respiratory quotient (RQ)? What is the equation and how is it measured?RQ is measured to determine which fuel source (carbs, fat, protein) is being utilized.
    RQ = ∆CO2/-∆O2
    Fuel and RQ: Carbs = 1.00, Fat = 0.71, Protein = 0.81
  46. 46What is saponification?Alkaline hydrolysis of fat to make soap. It allows synthetic detergents to be amphipathic.What is saponification?
  47. 47What is the chemical process of saponification?What is the chemical process of saponification?
  48. 48What makes phospholipids a vital component of membranes?- glycerol backbone (like TG)
    - 2 FA in ester linkages
    - phosphate + X (choline, ethanolamine, serine, inositol)
    - amphipathic (amphi = both)
  49. 49What is the THE defining component of biological membranes?What is the THE defining component of biological membranes?
  50. 50Name this phospholipid.Phosphatidylcholine (PC)Name this phospholipid.
  51. 51Name this phospholipid.Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)Name this phospholipid.
  52. 52Name this sterol.*CholesterolName this sterol.*
  53. 53Name this sterol.*GlycocholateName this sterol.*
  54. 54Name this sterol.TestosteroneName this sterol.
  55. 55What is it about the amphipathic nature of PL and glycolipids that make it vital to life?glycolipids = hydrophobic tails + polar heads --> ability to form micelles in water
    lipid bilayer is 2 molecule thick and is a framework for all bio membranes.
  56. 56What is a liposome?A sphere w/ inner aqueous compartment (similar shape to a micelle)
  57. 57How do proteins diffuse?Laterally, unless restricted by other cell components
  58. 58What is coined as "lipid rafts" in a plasma membrane?microdomains
  59. 59What two carbohydrate chains are specific only to the extracellular portion of a plasma membrane?glycolipids and glycoproteins
  60. 60What are special proteins (such as PL, cholesterol, and glycolipids) called when embedded in lipid bilayer?integral proteins
  61. 61Identify the plasma membrane.Identify the plasma membrane.Identify the plasma membrane.
  62. 62What is a potent "local" hormone derived from AAs in PL membranes via phospholipase A2?eicosanoids
  63. 63Arachidonic acid can develop into these two eicosanoids (cell-specific synthetases) using cyclooxygenase as enzyme.prostaglandins
    &
    thromboxanes
  64. 64Arachidonic acid can develop into this eicosanoid using lipoxygenase as enzyme.Leukotriene
  65. 65What are a few side effects of eicosanoids?pain, inflammation, vasoconstriction/dilation, ulcers, heart attack
  66. 66What enzyme is used for a phospholipid in a cell membrane to develop into an Arachidonic Acid?PLase A2
  67. 67How does aspirin/vioxx/celebrex decrease an eicosanoid from progressing into more detrimental forms?It cuts off cyclooxygenase after it has developed into arachidonic acid so that it can't become a prostaglandin or a thromboxane.
  68. 68How do hormones act? Steroid hormones? Hydrophilic hormones?How do hormones act? Steroid hormones? Hydrophilic hormones?
  69. 69What specific omegas are required in the diet?w6 and w3

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Lipid chemistry, structure, and function. Biological membranes
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Kristina Redd
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