Verbs

Verbs

1. Classification of verbs

   • auxiliary verbs
     • to make up verb phrases and emphasis  they add information to lexical verbs
     • primary auxiliary verbs
       • BE HAVE DO  also lexical they indicate clause type, aspect and passive voice 
     • secondary auxiliary verbs
       • also called modal auxiliary verbs add information about degrees of necessity and certain 
       • core modal verbs
         • can could  shall should will would might may must
       • semi-modal
         • dare need ought to  used to
       • modal expressions
         • be able to  have (got) to 
   • lexical verbs
     • they  carry the meaning  they denote action, state or event 
     • action verbs
     • linking verbs
   • finite
     • they show mood, tense, aspect and voice it is the verb element of the clause  it is the first verb 
   • non-finite
     • they do'nt show mood or tense but they show aspect and voice
     • infinitive
       • TO + bare form of the verb
     • gerund
       • -ING It is a noun equivalent
     • participle
       • present participle
         • -ING  It is an adjective equivalent
       • past participle
         • -ED it is an adjective equivalent 
   • stative verbs
     • they denote states or situation we don't expect to change  there's no clear beggining or end  they're not used in the progressive aspect 
   • dynamic verbs
     • they denote process, actions or events 
     • VERBS used as stative and dynamic

2. ASPECT

   • grammatical category that expresses how the action relates to the flow of time  information about the speaker's perspectivbe of time: completeness or incompleteness of the action 
   • Simple or Unmarked
     • the whole of an activity  and not just a part of it
   • Progressive
     • a point between the beggining and the end of the activity  the activity itself is important and not the result  BE + ING 
   • Perfect
     • the relationship between events in time and the duration of events HAVE + ED 

3. Mood

   • emotional attittude of the speaker towards the action factual & non-factual status or events
   • Indicative
     • also called declarative show all the inflections: tenses, number, person, aspect, modality, voice 
   • Imperative
     • issue directives  warm invitations no subject bare form od the verb  non-factual mood with DO or PLEASE, we make an imperative sound politer
   • Subjunctive
     • wishes and desires  base form of the verb it is optional and rather formal non-factual mood 
     • Present Subjunctive
       • Mandative Subjunctive
         • After: --expressions of demands, recommendation, proposal and intention that --It is adjective (important/advisable/essential) that
       • Formulaic Subjunctive
     • Past Subjunctive
       • cOUNTERFACTUAL FOOD  --He acted as if he WERE my boss.--If I WERE you, I would...--I wish/If only/Suppose/Imagine + S + WERE...