Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

1. Anatomy

   • Study of structure and relationships among body parts

2. Physiology

   • Study of how body parts join to function

3. Claudius Galenus

   • Vivisection on pigs

4. Leonardo Davinci

   • Detailed anatomic drawings

5. 17th and 18th century

   • Certified anatomists were allowed to do regulated human dissections

6. Anatomy Act

   • Students were provided with corpses in order they can study them
   • Students use educational cadavers to learn what is inside the human body

7. Function Follows Form

   • Blood flows in one direction through the heart, the valves prevent it from blowing backward
   • Bones are strong and hard, they protect and gives support to all the soft parts

8. Complementary of Structure and Function

   • What structure can do on its specific form

9. Levels of Body Organization

   • 1. Chemical
     • Atoms
   • 2. Cellular
     • Cells
       • Basic functions in common
       • Widely in size and shape, depending on its porpose
         • Red Blood Cell
           • Mesures 5 micrometers across
         • Single Motor Neuron
           • Length of the entire leg, from big toe to the bottoms of the spine (1 meter)
   • 3. Tissues
     • Cells + Cells
       • Muscles, Membranes and cavity linings nervous, and connective tissues
   • 4. Organs
     • Two or more tissue types combine
       • Heart, liver, lungs, skin, etc
         • Specific functions to keep the body alive
   • 5. Organ System
     • Organs work together
       • Integumentary System
         • Skin, hair and nails
           • Protects the body. Site of many sensory receptors
       • Skeletal System
         • Bones, joints, teeth
           • Connected by tendons, ligaments and cartilage
           • Supporting the body and give it shape
       • Muscular System
         • Different type of muscles, including skeletal muscles
       • Nervous System
         • Brain and Spinal cord and nerves that run all over the body
       • Endocrine System
         • Glands that secrete hormones into the blood, carries the hormones into the body
       • Cardiovascular System (Circulatory System)
         • Heart, blood, 3 types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
           • Transport oxygen from the lungs and the nutrients from the digestive system to cells throughout the body
           • CO2 and waste materials are gathered from cell, transport them to organs for the elimination from the body
           • Also adjust body temperature and transports endocrine hormones to cells
       • Urinary System
         • Pair of kidneys
           • Filter the excess of water and urea (waste product from the blood and urine)
           • Produce an enzyme (Renin) and a diversity of hormones
           • Help regulate blood pressure, red blood cells production and the balance of calcium and phosphorus
       • Respiratory System
         • Nasal passages, lungs, trachea
           • Moves air between nasal passages and lungs (Trachea)
           • Deliver Oxygen to the blood and remove CO2
           • Gases are exchanged between the lungs and blood over the walls of capillaries (alveoli) in the lungs
       • Lymphatic System
         • Part of the inmune system
         • Lymph vessels and ducts that collect the excess of lymph from the extracellular spaces in tissues and carry it to the bloodstream
         • Collections of tissue (lymph nodes), spleen
           • Remove pathogens and cellular debris
           • Produces some types of white blood cell (lymphocytes) in order to fight infections
       • Digestive System
         • Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. Form the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
           • Food moves through where it is digested, its nutrients absorbed and its waste excreted
         • Accessory organs (Pancreas and liver)
           • Produce enzymes and substances needed for digestion
       • Reproductive Systems
         • Male
           • Epididymis, testes
             • Produces sex hormones and gametes. Gametes are delivered to the woman
         • Female
           • Mammary glands, ovaries, uterus
             • Produces sex hormones and gametes. Supports embryo/fetus until birth. Produces milk for the baby
   • 6. The body
     • Complete organisms

10. Homeostasis

    • Equilibrium of materials and energy in our body
    • Ultimate cause of death is the extra and irreversible loss of homeostasis
      • Organ failure, hypothermia, suffocation, starvation, dehydration
    • Right amount of blood, water, nutrients and oxygen create and spread energy, perfect body temperature, right blood pressure and skilled movement of waste through the body

11. Directional Terms

    • Where one body part is in relation to another
    • Superior (Cranial)
      • Towards the top
      • Examples of Directional Terms
        • Jaw is superior to the lungs, pelvis is inferior to the stomach
          • Arms are lateral to the heart, the heart is medial to the arms
            • Knee is proximal to the ankle , wrist is distal to the elbow
    • Inferior (Caudal)
      • Towards the bottom
    • Medial
      • Structures toward midline
    • Lateral
      • Structures farther away from midline
    • Proximal
      • Towards the trunk
    • Distal
      • Farther the trunk

12. Verbal Map

    • Detailed description of the injuries

13. Body Positions

    • Anatomical Position
      • Body erect and facing forward, with arms al the sides and palms foward
    • Supine Position
      • Ventral side is up. Lying on the back, face facing upwards
    • Prone Position
      • Dorsal side is up. Face down, back up

14. Imaginary flat surfaces to visualize interior structures

    • Body Plains
      • Sagital Plane (Median Plane)
        • Divides the body or organ in left and right
      • Parasagittal Plane
        • Unequal vertical
      • Midsagittal (Median Plane)
        • Equal vertical
      • Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
        • Splits vertically into front and back
      • Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane)
        • Divides the body into top and bottom
      • Axial Part
        • Center of the body
          • Head, neck, trunk
      • Appendicular Part
        • Attach to the body's axis
          • Arms and legs
      • Anterior or Ventral
        • Front of the body
          • Breastbone is anterior to the spine
      • Posterior or Dorsal
        • Back of the body
          • Heart is posterior the breastbone

15. References

    • CrashCourse, (2015). Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: Crash Course A&P #1. Accesed August 16th in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBGl2BujkPQ
    • Suzanne W, (2020). Human Organs and Organ Systems. Accesed August 16th in https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/10%3A_Introduction_to_the_Human_Body/10.4%3A_Human_Organs_and_Organ_Systems

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