Chemistry Analysis 2

Chemistry Analysis 2

1. Carbonates(negative ions)

   • Most carbonates are insoluble but some like sodium carbonate & potassium carbonate are soluble
     • They produce solutions containing carbonate ions
       • Acid +Carbonate→Salt+Water+Carbon Dioxide
         • Calcium Hydroxide+Carbon Dioxide → Calcium Carbonate+Water

2. Halides

   • If silver nitrate solution is added to sample of dilute nitric acid & halide ions,the silver halide is precipitated
     • Silver Chloride-White
       • Silver Bromide-Cream
         • Silver Iodide-Yellow

3. Sulfates

   • Barium chloride added to water/HCL with sulfate ions forms barium sulfate
     • Barium sulfate is insoluble so it forms a precipitate
       • Forms white precipitate

4. Pure Substances

   • Contain only one type of atom
     • Pure elements melt/boil at specific temperatures
       • E.g. Pure milk/water(nothing has been added to it)

5. Formulation

   • A mixture that has been designed to be used as a useful product
     • E.g.Paints,medicines,alloys,food,fertilisers

6. Instrumental Methods

   • Elements/compounds can be detected using machines
     • They are fast accurate & sensitive
   • E.g. Gas Chromatography(GCMS)
     • Mixture of compunds are vaporised
       • Gas is pumped through column
         • Column's heated up to speed the rate of separation
           • To identify compound,you need a mass spectrometer joined to gas spectrometer
             • Mass Spectrometer indentifies according to mass
   • E.g. Flame Emission Spectroscopy
     • Sample is put in a flame
       • Light given out is passed through a spectroscope
         • Output is a line spectrum that is analysed for metal ions and measure their concentrations