UNIT 3 EGYPT

UNIT 3 EGYPT

1. RELIGION

   • THEY WERE POLYTHEISTIC. THEY BELIEVED IN THE AFTERLIFE. THEY MADE SACRAFICES TO THE GODS. THEY ALSO BELIEVED THAT WHEN A PHARAOH DIED HE BECAME A GOD AND ALSO MERGED WITH THE SOUL OF OSIRIS.

2. INVASIONS/ARMIES

   • THE HYSKOS INVADED AND THEY BROUGHT CHARIOTS WITH THEM AND THAT IS HOW THE EGYPTIANS LEARNED HOW TO MAKE THEM. THEY MADE A PEACE TREATY. THEY ALSO CAPTURED MANY NUBIAN CITIZENS.

3. HOW TO BUILD PYRAMIDS

   • STEP 1/ THE PHARAOH DECIDED THAT HE WANTED A PYRAMID BUILT & commisioned AN ARCHITECT WHO DREW A PLAN WITH NOTES/ LABELS. PYRAMIDS TOOK ABOUT 20 YEARS TO BUILD
     • STEP 2/ THE PLAN WAS SHOWN TO PHARAOH FOR APPROVAL. APPROVED= PERMISSION TO BE BUILT
       • STEP 4/ FOUR POSTS WERE DRIVEN INTO THE GROUND FACING N,S,E,W. FORMED A SQUARE AND SERVED AS THE PYRAMID BASE. ROPES WERE TIED BETWEEN THE POSTS
         • STEP 6/ THE STONE BLOCKS WERE TRANSPORTED BY BOAT ALONG THE RIVER. ALSO TRANSPORTED ON WOODEN SLEDGES THAT WERE PULLED ON GROUND
           • STEP 8/ ROPES & MUD RAMPS WERE USED TO PUSH THE BLOCKS IN PLACE. EACH TIME A NEW LAYER WAS ADDED THE RAMP WAS MADE TALLER. THE ROPES WERE LIKE LEVERS
       • STEP 9/ THE BURIAL CHAMBER, FALSE BURIAL CHAMBER, PASSAGEWAYS, DEAD ENDS, AIR SHAFTS, AND TRAPS WERE CONSTRUCTED
         • STEP 10/ THE OUTSIDE OF THE PYRAMID WAS FINISHED AND COATED WITH LIMESTONE BLOCKS SO THAT IT WOULD GLEAM & SHINE IN THE SUN
           • STEP 11/ ARTISTS DECORATED THE WALLS WITH WALL PAINTINGS & HIEROGLYPHICS
             • STEP 12/ FUNERAL PROSESSION TOOK DEADE PHARAOH TO HIS PRYAMID. SARCOPHEGUS=PLACED INTO BURIAL CHAMBER WITH HIS FURNITURE, SHABTIS, FOOD, DRINK & OTHER BELONGINGS
               • STEP 13/ THE ENTERANCE WAS SEALED WITH STONE SLAB AND COVERED IN LIMESTONE FROM OUTSIDE
       • STEP 4/ FOUR POSTS WERE DRIVEN INTO THE GROUND FACING N,S,W,E. FORMED A SQUARE & ROPES WERE TIED BETWEEN THE POSTS
         • STEP 6/ THE STONE BLOCKS WERE TRANSPORTED BY BOAT ON THE NILE OR BY WOODEN SLEDGES ON THE GROUND
           • STEP 8/ ROPES & MUD RAMPS WERE USED TO PUSH THE BLOCKS IN PLACE. EACH TIME A NEW LAYER WAS ADDED THE RAMP WAS MADE HIGHER
             • STEP 10/ THE OUTSIDE OF PYRAMID WAS FINISHED AND COATED IN LIMESTONE SO IT WOULD SHINE
               • STEP 12/ THE FUNERAL PROCESSION CARRIED THE SARCOPHAGUS TO THE CHAMBER AND PLACED IT INSIDE. THEY ALSO BROUGHT FURNITURE, SHABITIS, FOOD, AND DRINK, ORNAMENTS AND STATUES ECT.
                 • STEP 13/ THE ENTRANCE WAS THEN SEALED WITH STONE AND COVERED IN LIMESTONE
     • STEP 3/ THE PHARAOH DECIDES THE LOCATION OF PYRAMID. USUALLY LARGE FLAT LAND
       • STEP 5/ GRANITE & LIMESTONE BLOCKS WERE MINED. STONE MASONS CUT THE BLOCKS INTO THE RIGHT SHAPE & SIZE
         • STEP 7/ THE WORKERS STARTED TO BUILD THE BASE FIRSY. USUALLY FARMERS WHO WORKED DURING INUDSTION PERIOD(JULY-NOVEMBER)
       • STEP 5/ GRANITE & LIMESTONE BLOCKS WERE MINED IN QUARRIES. STONE MASONS CUT THE BLOCKS.
         • STEP 7/ THE WORKERS STARTED TO BUILD THE BASE FIRST. WORKERS=FARMERS. THEY WORKED DURING THE INDUATION PERIOD (JULY-NOVEMBER)
           • STEP 9/ THE BURIAL CHAMBER, THE FALSE BURIAL CHAMBER, PASSAGEWAYS, DEAD ENDS, AIRSHAFTS AND TRAPS WERE MADE INSIDE THE PYRAMID
             • STEP 11/ ARTISTS DECORATED THE WALLS WITH HIEROGLYPHICS AND PAINTINGS

4. WRITING

   • OVER 5000 YEARS AGO THE EGYPTIANS WROTE THINGS WITH PICTURES. THIS WAS CALLED HIEROGLYPHICS. THE PEOPLE WHO WROTE THINGS DOWN WERE CALLED SCRIBES. THE EGYPTIANS WROTE EVERYTHING DOWN. THEY WERE PRETTY BUT IT TOOK TIME TO WRITE IN PICTURES. SCRIBES NEEDED A FASTER WAY TO WRITE THINGS DOWN. THEY CREATED DEMONIC SCRIPT AS A NEW FASTER WAY TO WRITE THINGS DOWN. THE NEW SCRIBES DIDN'T STUDY THE OLD LANGUAGE. THEY COULD WRITE MUCH MORE RAPIDLY WITH THE NEW SCRIPTS. 100'S OF YEARS LATER ARCHEOLOGISTS FOUND BEAUTIFUL HIEROGLYPHICS ON THE WALLS OF PYRAMIDS & TOMBS.
     • THE ARCHEOLOGISTS HAD A PROBLEM, THEY KNEW THE HIEROGLYPHICS HAD MEANINGS, BUT MOST ARCHEOLOGISTS KNEW DEMONIC AND THERE WAS NO ONE WHO KNEW HOW TO READ HIEROGLYPHICS. QUITE RECENTLY, A MERE 200 YEARS AGO, THAT A STONE WAS FOUND. IT HAD THE SAME STORY WRITTEN ON IT IN GREEK, DEMONIC, AND HIEROGLYPHICS. THEY NAMED THE STONE THE ROSETTA STONE. THE STONE IS ON DISPLAY IN THE BRITTISH MUSEUM IN LONDON.
     • HOW TO READ HIEROGLYPHICS. WHEN WE READ ENGLISH WE READ FROM LEFT-RIGHT. HIEROGLYPHICS ARE WRITTEN IN COLUMNS OR ROWS, CAN BE READ FROM RIGHT-LEFT, LEFT-RIGHT, OR TOP-BOTTOM. LOOK AT THE DIRECTION THE IMAGES ARE FACING AND THAT SHOWS THE DIRECTION IT SHOULD BE READ IN. THEY WERE WRITTEN WITHOUT VOWELS.
       • CARTOUCHES ARE A SYMBOL THAT REPRESENTS AUTHORITY OR POWER, OR IT CAN BE A PHYSICAL ENTITY WITH NAMES WRITTEN IN IT.

5. LANGUAGE

   • THEY SPOKE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN. IT WAS ONE OF THE OLDEST LANGUAGES AND LASTED OVER 4 MILLENNIA. THE NAME CHANGED TO COPTIC AROUND THE 17TH CENTURY AD

6. SOCIAL LIFE

   • THE SOCIAL LIFE OF WOMEN THEY WERE NOT = TO MEN NO WORK THEY WERE MARRIED AT AGE 12-14, DIDNT HAVE TO MARRY \. THEY COULD ALSO GET DIVORCED, IF THE OT DIVORCED THEY WOULD RECIEVE FULL CUSTODY OF KIIDS, THE DOWRY THEY BROUGHT, 1/3 HUSN=BANDS WEALTH, AND ANY PROPERTY THEY OWNED. THEY COULD ALSO SEEK EMPLOYMENT OUTSIDE OF THE HOME. THEY ALSO FOLLOWED THE SAME LAWS AS ANYONE ELSE

7. EDUCATION

   • EDUCATION WAS RECEIVED AT THE TEMPLE. IT WAS USUALLY RESERVED FOR THE BOYS OF HEALTHIER FAMILIES THOUGH SOME GIRLS WENT T SCHOOL. STARTED AT AGE 7 AND LEARNED HOW TO READ, WRITE, AND SOME MATHEMATICS. MOST OF THE OTHER CHILDREN LEARNED FROM THEIR PARENTS
     • GIRLS TAUGHT BY MOTHERS BOYS TAUGHT BY FATHERS

8. RECREATION

   • THEIR MAIN FORM OF RECREATION WAS MAKING GRAVE GOODS BUT THEY ALSO DID OTHER THINGS AS WELL. THEY MAKE STATUES/SLAVES TO DO WORK FOR THEM. THEY WOULD TAKE THEIR FAMILIES ON OUTINGS TO WATCH THE CONSTRUCTION OF THEIR TOMB PROGRESSING. THEY WOULD ALSO WRITE POETTRY, GO SAILING, HUNTING, FISHING, AND PLAY A GAME CALLED SENET.

9. GEOGRAPHY

   • THE GEOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT EGYPT WAS QUITE COMPLEX. THEY WERE SURROUNDED BY DESERT ON THE EAST/WEST SIDES OF THE RIVER. THEIR MAIN GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURE WAS THE NILE RIVER. THE LAND WAS FLAT AND TREELESS. IN THE RIVER THEY HAD CATARACTS THE GAVE PROTECTION FROM ANYONE TRYING TO SNEAK IN THROUGH THAT PASSAGE OF WATER.
     • THE NEIGHBORING AREAS TRADED WITH EGYPT BY WAY OF THE RIVER. FROM THE NORTH THEY GOT CEDAR AND FROM THE SOUTH THEY GOT PRECIOUS METALS. ON EITHER SIDE OF THE RIVER, EACH SIDE HAS A MEANING. THE LAND OF THE SETTING SUN= LAND OF THE DEAD. IT WAS CONSIDERED UNLUCKY TO LIVE ON THIS SIDE AS IT WAS WHERE THE TOMBS BURIED. TOMBS ON THE WEST SIDE OF THE NILE= VALLEY OF KINGS. ON THE EAST I T WAS CONSIDERED LUCKY BECAUSE IT WAS THE ISDE OF THE LIVING. THE COMPLETE OPPOSITE OF THE WEST AS EXPECTED.

10. HOUSING

    • THERE IS NOT ENOUGH WOOD SO HOUSES WERE MADE OUT OF PAPYRUS REEDS AT THE BEGINNING AND THEN THEY STARTED TO USE MUD BRICKS THAT WERE BAKED IN THE SUN. POOREST HOUSES=I ROW OF BRICKS, NOT SO POOR=2-3 ROWS OF STONE. THE BRICK HOUSES WERE CHEAP TO BUILD BUT THEY WERENT VERY STRONG AND BEGAN TO CRUMBLE. THE HOUSES OF THE RICHER FAMILIES WERE BUILT FROM STONE. THE AVERAGE HOUSE HAD AT LEAST 3 ROOMS & ALL HOUSES HAD FLAT ROOFS=PART OF LIVING AREA. THE FARMHOUSES HAVE TWO FLOORS. UPPER FLOOR= LIVING SPACE, LOWER FLOOR= STORAGE OF CROPS, ROOF HAS A REED CANOPY TO PROVIDE SHADE. SMALL WINDOWS AT THE TOP OF THE UPPER ROOMS. WINDOWS/DOORS ATS= COVERED WITH REED MATS TO KEEP OUT DUST, FIES, AND HEAT.
      • THE HOUSES OF THE RICH WERE OFTEN BUILT AROUND A CENTRAL COURTYARD WHERE FLOWERS, FRUITS, AND VEGETABElES WERE GROWN(EGYPTIAN VILLA). SOME OF THE RICH FAMILY HOUSES HAD BATHROOMS AND INDOOR TOILETS. SEWERAGE OF RICH & POOR WAS DISPOSED OF BY DIGGING CESSPITS, THROWING IT IN THE RIVER/STREET. FROM THE TIME OF THE NEW KINGDOM ONWARDS, THE RICH GENERALLY= HAD PRIVATE DRINKING WELLS. POORER PEOPLE USED PUBLIC WELLS OR GOT IT FROM THE NILE OR CANALS.
        • THEY DIDNT HAVE MUCH FURNITURE. THE MOST COMMON WAS A LOW 3-LEGGED STOOL. THE POOR MOSTLY SAT ON THE FLOOR. RICH PEOPLE HAD BEDS & MATTRESSES, WHILE THE POORER PEOPLE SLEPT ON A STRAW MATTRESS OR A RUG ON THE FLOOR. NO ONE IN EGYPT HAD CUPBOARDS SO THEY STORED THINGS IN REED BASKETS

11. PYRAMIDS

    • THE PYRAMIDS ARE ALIGNED WITH THE DIRECTIONS AND POINTED TOWARD THE HEAVENS, THEY WERE 50 EGYPTIAN HOUSES TALL, THEY ARE ANCIENT. THIS IS WHERE THE PHARAOHS COMMUNICATED WITH THE GODS. THEY HAD GIAT TOMBS INSIDE AND BELOW THEM, THIS IS WHERE THE PASSING OVER IN THE AFTERLIFE. OSIRIS IS THE LORD OF THE DEAD. THEY MUMMIFIED THEM AND BURIED THEM WITH THINGS THEY WOULD NEED, PHARAOHS= FANCY TOMBS= NO TOMB RAIDERS. PHAROH MEANS GREAT HOUSE. IT TOOK 100,000 MEN TO BUILD THE GREAT PYRAMID. IT WAS TRIAL & ERROR AT THE START. NEPHARO TOOK 3 TRIES TO BUILD HIS PYRAMID. IT TOOK A LOT OF PRESSURE TO BUILD THEM. THYE SOMETIMES HIRED ROYAL ARCHITECTS. THE 1ST PYRAMIDS WERE BUILT OF STONE. MULTIPLE TIMES THERE WAS A LANDSLIDE OF THE LARGER BLOCKS OF LIMESTONE ON THE OUTSIDE. ALL FAMILIES HAD TO SEND SOMEONE TO HELP BUILD THE PYRAMIDS.
      • THE ORIGINAL MASTABAS WERE MADE OF MUD BRICKS

12. SOCIAL SRUCTURE

    • UPPER-CLASS PHARAOHS/GODS- RULERS NOBELS- PRIESTS ADMINISTRATION MIDDLE-CLASS SOLDIERS- PROTECTED THE PEOPLE SCRIBES- WRITE THINGS EDUCATED RECORD KEEPERS MERCHANTS- CAN BE WOMEN SELL STUFF LOWER-CLASS ARTISANS- CAN BE WOMEN BUILT TOMBS FARMERS- CAN BE WOMEN PROVIDE FOOD, RESOURCES, LABOUR MAJORITY SLAVES/SERVANT- CAN BE WOMEN CHORES, OWNED (PROPERTY) ADOPTED
      • YOUR STATUS IS DETERMINED BY GENDER, PARENTS, AND EDUCATION. YOU CANT CONTROL WHERE ARE! THERE IS LITTLE YOU CAN DO TO, MOVE UP IN STATUS
      • SOCIETY IS ALWAYS IN THE FORM OF A PYRAMID THE PRIESTS TAKE SPECIAL BATHS 3X PER YEAR. THEY MAKE DAILY OFFERINGS. MOST CHILDREN DIE BEFORE AGE 1. PHARAOHS VISITS THE TEMPLE AT LEAST 3 TIMES A YEAR. SLAVES DO MUCH HARD WORK.

13. CLOTHING

    • ALL OF THEIR CLOTHING WAS MADE OUT OF SOME TYPE OF LINEN. THE WOMEN WORE LINEN DRESSES AND THE MEN WORE SKIRTS WITH LOTS OF JEWELLERY DEPENDING ON THEIR STATUS. THEY ALSO WORE MAKEUP AS WITH THE WOMEN THEY USUALLY JUST WORE A NECKLACE. EVERYONE WORE SANDALS FOR SHOES OR THEY WENT BAREFOOT.

14. NILE RIVER

    • THE NILE RIVER WAS 4000 METERS LONG. IT SERVED AS A FORM OF TRANSPORTATION FROM LOCATION-LOCATION. IT WAS THE MAIN RESERVOIR FOR IRRIGATION. THE HAVE CATARACTS. IT WAS PART OF THE DELTA. IT MADE THE LAND FERTILE FRO FARMING, GROWING FOOD AND FOR WATER. IT EMPTIED INTO THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA.

15. AGRICULTURE

    • THE AGRICULTURE LANDS WERE IRRIGATED BY THE WATER OF THE NILE RIVER. THEY USED SPECIAL TOOLS TO IRRIGATE. THE SECOND TOOL THEY USED WAS TRACTORS. THEY ALSO USED A WATER WHEEL. THEY ALSO USED A SICKLE, A PLOW, A AXE, AN AL-MARZHA, A KNIFE, AND THE THRESHER, BUT NOT TO PLANT SEEDS.
    • FARMERS WERE AMONG THE LOWEST ON THE PYRAMID.

16. GODS

    • JUST LIKE ANY CIVILIZATION IT HAS ITS OWN UNIQUE GODS. THEY WERE POLYTHEISTIC AS WELL.
      • THE IMPORTANT GODS ANUBIS- ONE OF THE OLDEST GODS. HE WATCHED OVER THE BODIES WHILE THEY WERE MUMMIFIED & GUIDED THEM TO THE AFTERLIFE. HE HAS THE HEAD OF A JACKAL BASTET- WORSHIPED IN THE TOWN OF BUBISITS. SHE SITS ON A THRONE. SHE IS A GODDESS. SHE HAS THE HEAD OF A CAT HORUS- HORUS WAS THE SUN GOD. HE HAD THE BODY OF A FALCON AND WORE THE DOUBLE CROWN OF EGYPT. HE IS THE SON OF ISIS & OSIRIS THOTH- HE WAS A GOD OF WISDOM & WRITING. HE CARRIED A WRITING STICK BECAUSE HE WAS A SCRIBE FOR THE GODS. HE HAD THE HEAD OF AN IBIS AND COULD TURN INTO A BABOON. ISIS- SHE WEARS COW'S HORNS WITH THE SUN BETWEEN THEM ON HER HEAD. SHE IS THE PROTECTOR OF CHILDREN. SHE IS THE WIFE & SISTER TO OSIRIS AND MOTHER TO HORUS OSIRIS- EHE WORE A WHITE CROWN. HE LOOKED LIKE A MUMMY. HE WAS THE JUDGE OF THE DEAD. HE DECIDED IF PEOPLE COULDGO ON TO THE AFTERLIFE

17. MUMMIFICATION

    • THERE WERE 8 STEPS TO THE PROCESS
      • STEP 1/ THIS IS WHEN THE BODY IS PURIFIED STEP 2/ THEY REMOVED THE PERSONS INNER ORGANS AND THEY WERE ENBALME WITH NATRON AND PUT IN JARS STEP 3/ THE BODY CAVITY WAS STUFFED WITH NATRON AND THE BRAIN WAS REMOVED STEP 4/ THE BODY WAS COVERED IN NATRON AND LEFT FOR 40 DAYS STEP 5/ THE BODY WAS FILLED WITH SPICES AND THEN THE CAVITY WAS FILLED WITH PACKING STEP 6/ THE BODY WAS WRAPPED WITH LINEN STRIPS. STEP 7/ THEY CREATED THE MUMMY HEAD STEP 8/ THEY TRANSPORTED THE BODY AND THEN PREFORMED RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES
    • IT TAKES 70 DAYS FROM START TO FINISH
    • THE 4 JARS ARE: QEBEHSENEUF(FALCON HEAD)= INTESTINES DUAMUTEF(JACKAL)= STOMACH HAPY(BABOON)= LUNGS IMESTY(HUMAN)= LIVER

18. VOCAB

    • HIEROGLYPHICS- THE SYSTEM OF WRITING USING PICTURES OR SIGNS SLAVERY- THE PRACTICE OF ONE PERSON OWNING ANOTHER PHARAOH- THE SUPREME RULER OF ANCIENT EGYPT IRRIGATION- THE WATERING OF DRY LANDS BY THE MEANS OF CANALS, STREAMS, OR PIPES TO GROW CROPS PYRAMID- A HUGE STONE STRUCTURE BUILT AS ROYAL TOMBS ECONOMY- THE USE OF WORKERS & RESOURCES TO PRODUCE GOODS AND SERVICES SILT- BITS OF BLACK SOIL, SAND, CLAY, THAT FERTILIZES THE SOIL DELTA- A TRIANGLE AREA OF MARSHY LAND MADE BY DEPOSITS OF SILT, SAND, AND SMALL STONES AT THE MOUTH OF A RIVER SCRIBE- A PERSON WHO RECEIVES TRAINING TO WRITE AND KEEP RECORDS PAPYRUS- TYPE OF PAPER MADE FROM REEDS THAT GROW IN THE NILE RIVER VALLEY EMPIRE- A GROUP OF LANDS AND PEOPLE UNDER ONE GOVERNMENT ROSETTA STONE- A LARGE STONE WITH 3 LANGUAGES THAT HELPED LEARN THE MEANING OF HIEROGLYPHICS. CATARACTS- A LARGE WATERFALL OR RAPID

19. ROYALTY

    • ROYALTY IN ANCIENT EGYPT WAS MAINLY PHARAOHS BECAUSE PEOPLE THOUGHT THAT THEY WERE DESCENDED FROM THE GODS AND THAT WHEN THEY DIED THEY ALSO BECAME GODS

20. AFTERLIFE

    • THEY STRONGLY BELIEVED IN THE AFTERLIFE. THEY TOOK THE FUNERAl PROCESS VERY SERIOUSLY. MOST OF THEIR RECREATION TIME WAS SPENT MAKING GRAVE GOODS. WHEN THE BODIES WERE BURIED THEY WERE BURIED WITH ALL OF THEIR BELONGINGS AND THINGS THAT WOULD BE HELPFUL TO THEM IN THE AFTERLIFE. THEY WERE ALSO USUALLY BURIED WITH A COPY OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD TO GIVE THEM INSTRUCTIONS ON THEIR JOURNEY.

21. ACHIEVMENTS

    • THEY CREATED A CALENDAR BASED ON THE FARMING SEASONS. EYE MAKEUP-KOHL A WRITTEN LANGUAGE COURTS/JUSTICE SYSTEM PAPYRUS FALT ROOFED HOMES BOOK OF THE DEAD PYRAMIDS OBELISKS CARTOUCHE

22. INSIDE A PYRAMID

Images and files in the map