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Restless Earth
- The Structure of
the Earth
- Crust - made from thin
layers of tectonic plates
- Oceanic Crust
- Composed of
basaltic rocks
- Denser than
continental
plates
- Composed of
basaltic rocks
- Continental Crust
- Composed
of granitic
rocks
- Made of low
density minerals
- Composed
of granitic
rocks
- Mantle- divided into a solid upper part and a
semi-liquid lower part, mainly made of molten
rock
- Lithosphere - the
crust and the top
layer of the
mantle.
- The upper part of
the mantle is called
the asthenosphere
- Lithosphere - the
crust and the top
layer of the
mantle.
- Core - consists of a liquid
outer core and a solid
iron inner core.
- Crust - made from thin
layers of tectonic plates
- Plate Tectonics
- Convection Currents
- Convection currents
form because of the
heat rising from the
iron core
- Created by the pressure
of overlying material
- The radioactivity
of the core
creates most of
the heat.
- Created by the pressure
of overlying material
- The heat from the core rises to
the top of the mantle, cools and
then falls back down to be
heated again.
- This puts lots of pressure on
the plate tectonics to separate,
creating volcanoes and
earthquakes
- This puts lots of pressure on
the plate tectonics to separate,
creating volcanoes and
earthquakes
- Convection currents
form because of the
heat rising from the
iron core
- Plate boundaries are
associated with the
characteristics of tectonic
events and landforms
- Destructive Plate Boundaries
- Found where two plates
are moving together and
oceanic plate material is
destroyed.
- Nazca Plate and the South
American Plate are an
example.
- Earthquakes,
volcanoes and
fold mountains.
- Found where two plates
are moving together and
oceanic plate material is
destroyed.
- Constructive Plate Boundaries
- Found where new
basaltic material
rises to the surface,
forcing plates apart
- Mid- Atlantic ridge
between the Eurasian and
North American plates
- Found where new
basaltic material
rises to the surface,
forcing plates apart
- Collision Plate Boundaries
- Two continental plates
move together, but neither
is destroyed because there
is no subduction
- Indo - Australian plate and the
Eurasion plate has lead to the
Himalayas being formed.
- Two continental plates
move together, but neither
is destroyed because there
is no subduction
- Conservative Plate Boundaries
- Plates are sliding past one
another with lots of friction,
creating earthquakes and
extreme stresses.
- North American Plate and the Pacific Plate
- Plates are sliding past one
another with lots of friction,
creating earthquakes and
extreme stresses.
- Destructive Plate Boundaries
- Convection Currents
- Earthquakes and Volcanoes
- Earthquakes are
distributed along the
lines of tectonic plate
boundaries.
- Volcanoes are
distributed in
clusters along
coastlines.
- Basaltic magma is
high in temperature,
very low in silica and
gas.
- Produces fluid lava flow with
little explosive activity.
- Forms shield volcanoes
with sloping shapes
- Forms shield volcanoes
with sloping shapes
- Produces fluid lava flow with
little explosive activity.
- Andesitic magma is low
in temperature, has more
silica and lots of dissolved
gases.
- Less fluid and more
likely to explode
- Composite
volcanoes which are
steep sided and
made up of layers
of lava and ash.
- Composite
volcanoes which are
steep sided and
made up of layers
of lava and ash.
- Less fluid and more
likely to explode
- Granitic magma has low
temperature, high silica
content.
- Vicious and sticky and get
stuck before they reach the
surface, so are more likely to
cool and become igneous
rocks.
- Vicious and sticky and get
stuck before they reach the
surface, so are more likely to
cool and become igneous
rocks.
- Basaltic magma is
high in temperature,
very low in silica and
gas.
- Earthquakes are
distributed along the
lines of tectonic plate
boundaries.
- The management of tectonic
hazards
- Preparation
- Governments, communities and
individuals should be ready to
respond when disaster strikes
- Emergency plans,
warning systems and
training of personnel
- Evacuation plans and rescue teams
- Evacuation plans and rescue teams
- Governments, communities and
individuals should be ready to
respond when disaster strikes
- Mitigation
- Reduce the effect of the
hazard and the
vulnerability to it
- Relocating people and
strengthening structures
- Engineers develop
ways to build
earthquake
resistant structures.
- Bolting buildings to their
foundations and providing
support walls
- Concrete that has steel
rods embedded in it,
cross bracing and shear
core.
- Concrete that has steel
rods embedded in it,
cross bracing and shear
core.
- Medium sized buildings have
bearings made of steel and
synthetic rubber to map them
shock absorbing.
- Flexibility is key
- Bolting buildings to their
foundations and providing
support walls
- Engineers develop
ways to build
earthquake
resistant structures.
- Reduce the effect of the
hazard and the
vulnerability to it
- Preparation
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