Atherosclerosis V1.0

S/S
1. Coronary Arteries
  1. Angina
  2. Shortness of Breath
  3. Arrhythmias
  4. Fatigue
  5. Lack of Energy
2. Carotid Arteries
  1. Sudden Weakness
  2. Paralysis
  3. Confusion
  4. Lost of Consciouness
  5. Headache
  6. Dizziness
3. Peripheral Arteries
  1. Numbness
  2. Pain
  3. Infections
4. Renal Arteries
  1. Change in Urination
  2. Loss of Appetite
  3. Nausea
  4. Swollen Extremities
Treatment
1. Pharmacology
  1. Statins
    1. Pravastatin
    2. Atorvastatin
    3. Rosuvastatin
  2. Antiplatelets
    1. Aspirin
    2. Clopidogrel
    3. Dipyridamole
  3. Anti-inflammatories
    1. Canakinuma
    2. Colchicine
  4. Anti-hypertensives
    1. CCB
    2. Beta Blockers
    3. ACE Inhibitors
    4. Diuretics
2. Surgery
  1. Angioplasty/ Stenting
  2. Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
  3. Carotid Endarterectomy
3. Complementary/ Alternative Therapy to Lower Cholesterol
  1. Supplements
    1. Niacin
    2. Omega 3
    3. Milk Thistle
    4. Coenzyme Q10
  2. Foods
    1. Garlic
    2. Soy
    3. Fish (Salmon, Mackerel, & Sardines)
    4. Fibre (Oat Bran, Fruits, & Beans)
Etiology and Pathology
1. Arteriosclerosis includes
  1. Monckeberg sclerosis
  2. Arteriolar sclerosis
  3. Atherosclerosis, the most common of the three type
    1. Atherosclerosis is the pathological origin for most arterial disease in the several countries.
    2. Most often develops in medium and large arteries such as carotid
      1. Occlusion of coronary arteries
        Myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction
        Death
        Thrombosis formation
        Stroke
        Death
        Affect organs or the peripheral vascular system
        Lower extremities are affected, called atherosclerosis obliterans
        Pain with activity
        As occlusion worsens, potential for pain at rest
        Ulceration
    3. The endothelial surface of artery is damaged
      1. Inflammatory response and increased vessel permeability
        Low density lipids breach vessel wall
        Leukocytes drawn to the site and oxidize the lipids, further damaging the vessel walls
        Platelets collect at site of injury and are activated
        Produce platelet derived growth factor which promotes smooth muscle cell growth
        Smooth muscle cells are drawn to the area and begin to reproduce
        Plaque is formed
        Smooth muscle cells
        Lipoproteins
        Inflammatory debris
        Plaque enlarges and artery gets more occluded
        Plaque may rupture and form thrombus
      2. Potential causes and risk factors
        Modifiable
        Smoking
        Elevated blood pressure
        Glucose intolerance and diabetes
        Elevated cholesterol and low density lipids
        Inactivity
        Obesity
        Weight changes
        High stress
        Non-modifiable
        Age
        Gender
        Ethnicity
        Genetics
2. (Loftsgaarden, 2013).
Health Promotion and Prevention
1. Modifying risk factors
  1. Becoming physically active
  2. Cessation of smoking, leaving smoke friendly environments
  3. Address and control hypertension
  4. Change in diet
    1. Reduce low density lipid and cholesterol intake
    2. Increase high density lipid intake
    3. Reducing sugar intake
  5. Managing diabetes
  6. Losing weight if obese
  7. Create healthy stress coping habits
2. Patient education
  1. Educate patient about both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors
  2. Explain benefits of change
  3. Refer to resources such as Canadian Heart and Stroke foundation
3. (Loftsgaarden, 2013; Comrie, 2014)
4. Monitor blood fat through blood tests
  1. Cholesterol should be below 5.2 mmol/L
  2. Triglycerides should below 2.2 mmol/L
  3. Total cholesterol to high density lipids should be 6.0 or less
5. Refer to different programs and services as needed
  1. Smoking cessation
  2. Stress management program
  3. Dietitian or nutritionist
6. Low daily dose of aspirin in consultation with physician

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Atherosclerosis V1.0

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	Created by Mary Nguyen about 5 years ago

	Copied by Agustin Brown-Arroyo about 5 years ago