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Psychology
- What is Psychology?
- "Psychology is the study of the human mind and its behaviours and functions." (American Psychological Association,2015)
- "Psychology is the study of the human mind and its behaviours and functions." (American Psychological Association,2015)
- Cognitive Psychology
- Jean Piaget
- Believed that there were four stages in cognitive
development.
- Sensory-Motor: This stage takes place from birth to the
age of 2. In this stage your senses and reflexes develop
very quickly.
- Preoperational: This stage takes place at ages 2 through 7. In this stage the child is
starting to put meaning to symbols and objects and understand concepts such as
language. During this stage the child begins to question things as he/she observes the
world around them.
- Concrete Operations: Takes place at ages 7 through 11. The child can carry out mental operations and now has
given meaning to things seen in his/her everyday life. Understands the positive and negative repercussions of
different actions.
- Formal Operations: Takes place from ages 11 to 16. The child
can now think of things they may not know for certain such as
the future or the hypothetical. Instead of being just taught, now
they think of things that are not facts because nobody knows
them for certain.
- These four stages reflect to human behaviour due to their direct roles in our lives. Each takes place at
different points in our lives and as we grow, we shift from stage to stage in cognitive development.
- Sensory-Motor: This stage takes place from birth to the
age of 2. In this stage your senses and reflexes develop
very quickly.
- Believed that there were four stages in cognitive
development.
- What is Cognitive Psychology?
- "A branch of psychology concerned with mental processes (as perception,
thinking, learning, and memory) especially with respect to the internal
events occurring between sensory stimulation and the overt expression of
behavior." (Merriam-Webster, 2015)
- "A branch of psychology concerned with mental processes (as perception,
thinking, learning, and memory) especially with respect to the internal
events occurring between sensory stimulation and the overt expression of
behavior." (Merriam-Webster, 2015)
- Jean Piaget
- Behavioral
Psychology
- What is Behavioural Psychology?
- "Behavioral psychology is a branch of psychology
that focuses on the study and alteration of
people's behaviors, including their actions,
emotions and thoughts." (Learn.org, 2015)
- "Behavioral psychology is a branch of psychology
that focuses on the study and alteration of
people's behaviors, including their actions,
emotions and thoughts." (Learn.org, 2015)
- John B. Watson
- Studied the behaviours of animals and observed their different emotions based off of the
meaning they gave to certain objects. Considered to be the work that was the base to
understanding behaviour in humans.
- For example animals such as dogs who associate the sound of clanking metal
bowls with the positive thought of food being given.
- This theory reflects human behaviour due to humans also giving
meaning to actions and items. For example when someone pouts
then we associate it with the emotion of sadness or we may think
something is bothering them.
- There is a popular test that many dog owners have done which is to put a towel on
the dog's head and see how long it takes for it to get it off. This is supposed to test it's
intelligece. The dog see in this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpfxhDpKvBA simply does not know what to do
when the towel is placed on his head. This could be because the dog associates
darkness with sleep and is confused because it was just light out.
- For example animals such as dogs who associate the sound of clanking metal
bowls with the positive thought of food being given.
- Studied the behaviours of animals and observed their different emotions based off of the
meaning they gave to certain objects. Considered to be the work that was the base to
understanding behaviour in humans.
- B.F. Skinner
- Believed in cause and effect and that emotions are responses to events, actions or other
behaviours. Skinner it into four response/consequence types based on and affecting emotion
and behaviours. Skinner used schools and their students to study these concepts.
- Positive Reinforcement: Person understands through repetition that their action was
good and should be continued.
- Remove Unpleasant Stimulus: Taking away something unpleasant to reinforce something
positive. For example: Telling students that if work well then they will not receive homework.
- Recieve Unpleasant Stimulus: Using something unpleasant when certain behaviour is displayed.
For example: A child gets angry and rips his friend's paper and the teacher gives him detention.
- Withhold Pleasant Stimulus: Pleasant stimulus not given until what is needed or
wanted to be done, is done. For example: Do not give child dessert until
vegetables are eaten.
- This influences our behaviour because it
explains how with every action, there will
always be a reaction, so by conforming to
this, it affects the way we behave.
- Positive Reinforcement: Person understands through repetition that their action was
good and should be continued.
- John B. Watson
- Believed in cause and effect and that emotions are responses to events, actions or other
behaviours. Skinner it into four response/consequence types based on and affecting emotion
and behaviours. Skinner used schools and their students to study these concepts.
- What is Behavioural Psychology?
- Psychoanalysis
- What is Psycholanalysis?
- "A method of analyzing psychic phenomena and treating emotional disorders that involves
treatment sessions during which the patient is encouraged to talk freely about personal experiences
and especially about early childhood and dreams" (Merriam-Webster, 2015)
- "A method of analyzing psychic phenomena and treating emotional disorders that involves
treatment sessions during which the patient is encouraged to talk freely about personal experiences
and especially about early childhood and dreams" (Merriam-Webster, 2015)
- Sigmund Freud
- Freud focused his work on the unconscious mind and also
personality. He split the personality into three parts.
- ID: The ID is the most apparent at a young age. This is because the ID acts on impulse with no regard as to the reality of things. It does what it wants and focuses
solely on its wants. For example: Babies cry when they are hungry, thirsty, or desire attention. When they want something they simply cry and scream until they get it.
Of course this isn't the reality of things. If an adult were to do this they would simply be ignored but when you are an adult you use different methods to get your way.
- This relates to a popular social experiment called the, 'Marshmellow test" this shows how
the ID is causing all these kids to eat their marshmellow instead of wait. They want the
marshmellow right at that instant so they eat it. Later on as they develop they will realize,
waiting is the more beneficial option. Watch video here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yo4WF3cSd9Q
- This relates to a popular social experiment called the, 'Marshmellow test" this shows how
the ID is causing all these kids to eat their marshmellow instead of wait. They want the
marshmellow right at that instant so they eat it. Later on as they develop they will realize,
waiting is the more beneficial option. Watch video here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yo4WF3cSd9Q
- Super Ego: This is what Freud describes as our sense of right and wrong. this part of
our personality is the power struggle between our morals and pleasure.
- Ego: As a person develops they begin to understand that things may not always go their way
and that other people have wants and desires just like them.
- This theory reflects on human behaviour because these three components
work together in our lives and are the reason why we act and behave the way we do.
- ID: The ID is the most apparent at a young age. This is because the ID acts on impulse with no regard as to the reality of things. It does what it wants and focuses
solely on its wants. For example: Babies cry when they are hungry, thirsty, or desire attention. When they want something they simply cry and scream until they get it.
Of course this isn't the reality of things. If an adult were to do this they would simply be ignored but when you are an adult you use different methods to get your way.
- What is Psycholanalysis?
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