METAPHYSICS

METAPHYSICS

1. Ontology

   • It is the study of reality or existence or just the nature of being. The study of ontology along with delving into the fundamentals of being, is also concerned with the classification of the entities of universe.
   • According to the followers of Plato, the entities of the world are those referred to by means of ‘nouns’. Those who don’t follow the Platonic definition of being state that it is not possible to understand the concept clearly by just studying about ‘nouns’. The state of being also relates to events and thoughts. For example, the mind, according to these thinkers is not just an entity, but a collection of mental events.

2. Teleology

   • Teleology, (from Greek telos, “end,” and logos, “reason”), explanation by reference to some purpose, end, goal, or function. Traditionally, it was also described as final causality, in contrast with explanation solely in terms of efficient causes (the origin of a change or a state of rest in something).
   • Teleology, (from Greek telos, “end,” and logos, “reason”), explanation by reference to some purpose, end, goal, or function. Traditionally, it was also described as final causality, in contrast with explanation solely in terms of efficient causes (the origin of a change or a state of rest in something).

3. Cosmology

   • The study of totality of all phenomena of the universe comes under cosmology. This concept should not be confused with that of physical cosmology; the science of physical cosmology studies the origin of the universe, which is a different subject altogether.
   • As per the Zoroastrian theories, cosmological dualism governs the forces of universe. According to Zoroastrians, there are two God forces responsible for controlling the phenomena of universe.