3558385
Description
Mind Map by rachel.meuwly, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by rachel.meuwly
over 8 years ago
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The Immune System 1
- Innate Immunity
- Vertebrates
- Barrier Defences
- Epithelial tissues
- Body secretions
- Epithelial tissues
- Cellular Innate Defences
- Phagocytic cells
- Toll-like receptors (TLR)
- Bind to fragments of molecules characteristic of pathogens (which are normally absent from vertebrates)
- Engulf and destroy pathogens w/ gases & lysozymes
- Engulf and destroy pathogens w/ gases & lysozymes
- Bind to fragments of molecules characteristic of pathogens (which are normally absent from vertebrates)
- Neutrophils
- Attracted by signals from infected tissues
- Attracted by signals from infected tissues
- Macrophages
- Large phagocytic cells
- Large phagocytic cells
- Dendritic Cells
- Stimulate adaptive immunity
- Stimulate adaptive immunity
- Eosinophils
- Defence against multicellular invaders
- Defence against multicellular invaders
- Toll-like receptors (TLR)
- Natural Killer Cells
- Detect abnormal surface proteins of virus-infected and cancerous cells
- Release chemicals
- Release chemicals
- Detect abnormal surface proteins of virus-infected and cancerous cells
- Interferons
- Proteins secreted by virus-infected cells which induce nearby unaffected cells to inhibit viral reproductiion
- Proteins secreted by virus-infected cells which induce nearby unaffected cells to inhibit viral reproductiion
- Complement System
- Proteins that are activated by microbe surface components, resulting in lysis of invading cells
- Proteins that are activated by microbe surface components, resulting in lysis of invading cells
- Inflammatory Response
- Mast Cells
- Histomenes
- Vasodialation and more permeable blood vessels
- Delivers anti-microbial peptides
- Delivers anti-microbial peptides
- Vasodialation and more permeable blood vessels
- Histomenes
- Mast Cells
- Phagocytic cells
- Barrier Defences
- Invertebrates
- Exoskeleton as a first line of defence
- Lysozymes - break down bacterial cell walls
- Haemocytes
- Phagocytosis - the cellular ingestion and digestion of foreign substances
- Antimicrobial peptides
- Disrupt plasma membranes
- Disrupt plasma membranes
- Phagocytosis - the cellular ingestion and digestion of foreign substances
- Exoskeleton as a first line of defence
- Vertebrates
- Adaptive Immunity
- Lymphocytes
- T Cells
- Mature in thymus
- Receptors
- Alpha and Beta chains
- Bind only to antigen fragments presented on the surface of host cells
- Antigen fragments presented by MHC (Major histocompatibility complex) molecules
- Antigen fragments presented by MHC (Major histocompatibility complex) molecules
- Alpha and Beta chains
- Mature in thymus
- B Cells
- Mature in bone marrow
- Receptors
- Light chains and heavy chains
- B cell antigen recptors (surface-bound) and antibodies
- Antibodies - same Y-shape, but secreted rather than surface bound
- Antibodies - same Y-shape, but secreted rather than surface bound
- Light chains and heavy chains
- Mature in bone marrow
- Antigen
- Ellicits response from B & T cells
- Antigen receptors
- Binds to the antigen
- Highly specific - binds to one part of one molecule of a particular pathogen
- Variable regions and constant regions
- Allows for great diversity
- Allows for great diversity
- Binds to the antigen
- Epitope
- Accesible portion of of antigen that binds to receptor
- Accesible portion of of antigen that binds to receptor
- Ellicits response from B & T cells
- T Cells
- Self-tolerance
- Distinguish from self and non-self
- As lymphocytes mature, they are tested for self-reactivity
- Defective cells undergo apoptosis
- Distinguish from self and non-self
- Proliferation
- Clonal Selection
- An encounter with an antigen selects which lymphocytes (and hence receptor) will divide to produce clones
- Effector cells
- Short-lived clones that immediately defend against the antigen/pathogen
- Short-lived clones that immediately defend against the antigen/pathogen
- Memory Cells
- Long-lived clones that give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered again later
- Long-lived clones that give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered again later
- An encounter with an antigen selects which lymphocytes (and hence receptor) will divide to produce clones
- Clonal Selection
- Immunological Memory
- Primary immune response
- Production of effector cells during first exposure
- Production of effector cells during first exposure
- Secondary immune response
- Immune response produced upon 2nd exposure
- Relies on memory cells
- Upon 2nd exposure, memory cells specific for that antigen enable rapid formation of clones of effector cells
- Upon 2nd exposure, memory cells specific for that antigen enable rapid formation of clones of effector cells
- Immune response produced upon 2nd exposure
- Primary immune response
- Lymphocytes
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