How and why are enzymes being used in cleaning industry to remove stains at lower temperature?

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Grade 12 Biology Mind Map on How and why are enzymes being used in cleaning industry to remove stains at lower temperature?, created by Helen Li on 04/09/2016.
Helen Li
Mind Map by Helen Li, updated more than 1 year ago
Helen Li
Created by Helen Li over 7 years ago
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How and why are enzymes being used in cleaning industry to remove stains at lower temperature?
  1. HOW?
    1. To remove the stains, each enzyme has to attach to its specific substrate and under the particular condition. Also, the combination of different types of enzymes makes a better effort. ("Enzyme Science," n.d.)
      1. ENZYMES
        1. Protease
          1. Protease digests proteins which processes hydrolysis reaction to break the peptide bonds and thus the proteins turn into soluble amino acids or smaller peptides (D. Kumar, Savitri , N. Thakur, R. Verma and T. C. Bhalla, 2008).
            1. In the cleaning industry, proteases are always seem as the main ingredients in the detergents. Base on the proteases' charecteristic that they break proteins into smaller molecules, the protein-related stains like food and blood could be easily removed and are wide-used on cleaning the basic stains. ("Enzyme Science," n.d.)
            2. NO8. The main function this protein does.
            3. Amylase
              1. Amylases accelerate the hydrolysis reaction in polysaccharide like starch to break the glycosidic bonds and form the monomers. There is a kind of amylases called a-amylases which stimulate the breaking process of the starch chains and result in the products of the short chain molecules, oligosaccharides and dextrins, which could be soluble in water. ( Jain, 2009)
                1. In the composition of the enzyme-involved detergents, the vast majority of the liquid detergents are amylases, which is utilized secondly in the detergent ingredients. Due to their properties of decomposing the long-chained carbohydrates into shorter chain molecules, amylases are able to apply in the fields of clothe cleaning and dishwashing, especially the stains made by potatoes, chocolate which full of starch. (Souza & Oliveira Magalhães, 2010)
                  1. NO9. The further information about this enzyme in the cleaning industry.
                2. Cellulase
                  1. Cellulases mainly target on cellulose fibres. They gradually break down the cellulose and derive glucose, which makes it easy to clean. (Caparrós, Lant, Smets & Cavaco-Paulo, 2012)
                    1. Cellulases have been used as the ingredients of washing cotton fabrics in recent years because it could substitute for the traditional chemicals which are rough. In the cleaning process, the small fibres are removed by the cellulases, and during the process there is no harm on the main cloth. (Caparrós, Lant, Smets & Cavaco-Paulo, 2012)
                  2. Lipase
                    1. Lipases improve the rate of decomposing the lipids and turn them into fatty acids and glycerol. ("Enzyme Science," n.d.)
                      1. Lipases in cleaning detergents remove the stains caused by lipstick, oil, and other non polar oil and fat. ("Enzyme Science," n.d.) They are being important in industrial purpose in recent years since people discovered the cold active lipases which effectively react and catalyze under low temperature. (Hasan, Shah, Javed & Hameed, 2010)
                    2. NO7. This is a normal enzyme which could always seen in the detergents.
                      1. NO10. Lipase is a special enzyme that has been discovered recently for its advantages.
                    3. NO6. A brief introduction about how enzyme remove stains.
                    4. WHY?
                      1. In the process of cleaning, there are two main ingredients included, surfactant and builder. (Cameron, 2011)
                        1. Surfactant functions to weaken the surface tension of the water and discards the soil.(Cameron, 2011) It is like a phosphate lipid which have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end. As the hydrophobic end surrounds the soil, it will be removed from the surface.
                          1. Builder helps the surfactant to function properly by deactivating the hardness minerals and thus soften the hardness water. (Cameron, 2011)
                            1. Using phosphate as a builder had decreased as it polluted the lakes and the nature water, although it has greater effect than using other compounds. (Cameron, 2011)
                              1. NO1. The example used before enzymes and it is a type of builder that is rarely used.
                            2. ENZYME CHARACTERISTIC: Enzyme is a kind of protein which catalyze the reaction and is reusable without being consumed. Thus, decrease the needed time to active the reaction. Each enzyme functions on specific substrate so it could be design to function on the target substrate. (DeSantis, 1983)
                              1. Higher yields: To have higher yields, it is a benefit to use enzyme in such highly demanded industry as small quantities of enzyme can function well, contrast to the traditional ingredients that need large of the chemicals. ("Enzyme Science," n.d.)
                                1. Oxidative stability: Enzyme has its oxidative stability to prevent being oxidized in water which is extremely oxidizing. (Souza & Oliveira Magalhães, 2010)
                                  1. Benefit: Using enzymes in cleaning industry has benefits to the environment. They could decline the use of energy by shortening the washing time, so as the temperature and the amounts of water used. (Olsen & Falholt, 1998)
                                    1. NO3. It is the main idea why enzymes will be used in industry.
                                    2. NO2. To introduce some basic knowledge about the enzyme.
                                    3. PROBLEM
                                      1. 1. It is first found that the detergent industry causes problem on enzyme allergy. And it has tested on the workers and showed sensitive reaction to enzyme. (Vanhanen et al., 2000)
                                        1. NO4. It is the solution to problem 1.
                                          1. 1. Discovering new kinds of enzyme, such as lipase, and applies it into the detergents industry. (Vanhanen et al., 2000)
                                          2. 2. The cellulase, lipase and protease will not only cause the workers occupational asthma but also the consumers. (Brant et al., 2004)
                                            1. NO5. It is the solution to problem 2.
                                              1. 2. The companies changed the processes of manufacturing the enzymes, also they compressed and packed the enzymes. (Brant et al., 2004)
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