Geography: Restless Earth

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Mind Map on Geography: Restless Earth, created by hannah.dempsey2 on 03/12/2014.
hannah.dempsey2
Mind Map by hannah.dempsey2, updated more than 1 year ago
hannah.dempsey2
Created by hannah.dempsey2 almost 11 years ago
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Resource summary

Geography: Restless Earth
  1. Impacts of natural hazord
    1. MEDC's
      1. Health care
        1. MEDC's have the medical resources and money to quickly get appropriate aid to areas after a natural disaster.
        2. Emergency services
          1. In MEDC's who have a volcanic or earthquake risk, such as Japan and New Zealand,there are well thought out emergency procedures. Practices in schools and places of work mean that people know what to do it the event of a natural disaster. The Government's and military have special emergency plans to help with the situation.
          2. Building Technology
            1. Countries such as Japan and the United States have been at the fore front of developing buildings that have more chance of resisting an earthquake. Most houses in San Francisco are made of wood, to make them more flexible and allow them to move with the quake. Larger skyscrapers are built with flexible foundations, which literally allow them to sway during a quake, rather than being rigid and falling down.
              1. Many countries in areas prone to natural hazards have building codes to say where they can and cannot build, and how high the buildings can be. New Zealand is a example of where this occurs.
              2. Recovery
                1. MEDC's tend to be able to recover quickly from a natural disaster, due to having the investment and technology needed to return the area to as good as new as soon as possible.
              3. LEDC's
                1. Health care
                  1. LEDC's often have to rely on aid from overseas as their health system, which is inadequate. This overseas aid takes time to arrive, which could mean far more casualties.
                  2. Emergency services
                    1. Often LEDC's do not have these emergency plans, and so far more damage can be done before the emergency services reach the stricken area.
                    2. Building technology
                      1. LEDC's don't tend to have the technology available or money to pay for it, and sooften their buildings are very susceptible to earthquakes. One example was the Armenian earthquake in 1988, which was 0.1 less on the Richter scale than Kobe, but killed 20,000 more people. Most of the Armenian houses were built of stone and so collapsed instantly.
                      2. Recovery
                        1. Because LEDC's often have to rely on aid from overseas, this quick recovery is often impossible for them.
                    3. Fold mountains
                      1. Formation of fold mountains
                        1. Form along both destructive and collision plate boundaries, (where two plates are pushing towards each other.)
                          1. As two plates, with land masses on them, move towards each other they push layers of accumulated sediment in the sea between them up into folds. Thus most fold mountains will continue to grow, as the plates constantly move towards each other.
                          2. Destructive plate margin
                            1. At a destructive plate boundary the oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental one. The molten material then rises to the surface to form volcanoes, either in an island arc or on the continental land mass. In both cases Fold Mountains can be formed.
                            2. Collision plate margin
                              1. These occur less frequently, but two examples are the Himalayas, where the Indian plate is moving North and East towards the stationary European plate, and the Alps, formed by the collision between the African and Eurasian plates.
                            3. Human uses of fold mountains
                              1. Farming is a primary activity in all of the fold mountain ranges around the world. Mainly, due to the height and steepness of many of the slopes, this is restricted to cattle and sheep farming. However in the foothills of the Himalayas the Nepalese people use terraces in the mountainside to help them grow crops, and some southern facing Alpine slopes are used for vines and fruits.
                                1. Tourism is another major use of the Fold Mountains of the world. Because they are in more economically developed countries,the Alps and the Rockies are perhaps the best examples of the impact of tourism.However, it is an increasing industry in both the Andes and the Himalayas,as people look for less crowded places to go to.
                                  1. Forestry is another big business in these mountainous regions. Examples of cultivated coniferous forests can be seen in the Alps, where the trees have been deliberately planted as crops. However in the foothills of the Himalayas large-scale deforestation is also taking place, with logging companies cutting down vast tracts of the deciduous rainforest there.
                                    1. Many of the Fold Mountain regions of the world are prime spots for the generation of hydroelectric power (HEP). They have a plentiful supply of water; deep, narrow valleys with quick flowing rivers, and they are sparsely populated, meaning that few people are displaced when a reservoir is created.
                                    2. Problems with Living fold mountain regions
                                      1. Dangers
                                        1. Avalanche
                                          1. Landslide (Falling Rocks)
                                            1. Icy Roads
                                            2. Mountainous regions are particularly difficult to build in due to the steep sided valleys and cold climate.
                                              1. Roads and other communications links have to snake their way up wherever they can, and often these roads are not big enough to adequately service a large community.
                                                1. The climate is very cold and wet, meaning that most industrial and agricultural activity is difficult. For farmers they have a very short growing season, and it is difficult to use machinery on the steep slopes.
                                              2. Earthquakes
                                                1. what causes them
                                                  1. Destructive plate marjins
                                                    1. When the denser plate is subducted at destructive plate margins, energy is released by the movement, which may be felt on the surface as an earthquake.
                                                    2. Conservative plate margins
                                                      1. Pressure builds up at the fault, until the two plate jerk past each other. This causes an earthquake and the land around it becomes crumpled and ridged
                                                    3. Effects of earthquakes
                                                      1. Short term impacts
                                                        1. Social impacts
                                                          1. People may be killed or injured. Homes may be destroyed. Transport and communication links may be disrupted. Water pipes may burst and water supplies may be contaminated
                                                          2. Economic impacts
                                                            1. Shops and business may be destroyed. Looting may take place. The damage to transport and communication links can make trade difficult.
                                                            2. Environmental impacts
                                                              1. The built landscape may be destroyed. Fires can spread due to gas pipe explosions. Fires can damage areas of woodland. Landslides may occur. Tsunamis may cause flooding in coastal areas
                                                            3. Long term impacts
                                                              1. Social impacts
                                                                1. Disease may spread. People may have to be re-housed, sometimes in refugee camps.
                                                                2. Economic impacts
                                                                  1. The cost of rebuilding a settlement is high. Investment in the area may be focused only on repairing the damage caused by the earthquake. Income could be lost.
                                                                  2. Environmental impacts
                                                                    1. Important natural and human landmarks may be lost.
                                                                3. Examples
                                                                  1. LEDC country
                                                                    1. Hati {12th January 2010}
                                                                      1. Effects
                                                                        1. Short term effects
                                                                          1. ~There was not enough food and water, ~building were destroyed and badly damaged, ~people had nowhere to sleep, ~Peoples belongings were damaged and destroyed, ~Rape increased
                                                                          2. Long term effects
                                                                            1. 316,000 people died and more than one million people were made homless
                                                                              1. Large parts of the impoverished nation were damaged
                                                                                1. The governments of Hati also estimated that 250,000 residents and 30,000 commercial buildings had collapsed of were severely famaged
                                                                                  1. It is estimated that 1 in 5 jobs were lost as a result of the earthquake
                                                                                    1. Sea levels in local areas changed, with some parts of the land sinking to below the sea
                                                                                      1. In 2011 people still lived in make shift homes (tempory homes)
                                                                                        1. People had no jobs, therefore they could not provide for their families
                                                                                          1. Children had no education because schools were destroyed
                                                                                            1. 3 million people in total were affected
                                                                                          2. Responses
                                                                                            1. Injured people were being cured
                                                                                              1. International aid (England)
                                                                                                1. Re-building towns
                                                                                                  1. As rescues tailed off, supplies, medical care and sanitation became priorities
                                                                                                    1. Many countries responded to appeals for aid, pledging funds and dispatching rescue and medial teams, engineers and support personnel
                                                                                                      1. Delays in aid distribution lead to angry appeals from aid workers and survivors
                                                                                                      2. What caused it
                                                                                                        1. The Caribbean and North American plates slide past each other in an east-west direction
                                                                                                          1. Conservative plate boundry
                                                                                                            1. The stress that builds up is released which causes a strong movement thisresolves in the two sides of the fault which generate an earthquake
                                                                                                        2. MEDC country
                                                                                                          1. Italy {20th May 2012}
                                                                                                            1. Effects
                                                                                                              1. Seven were listed dead - including 4 workers at a factory in Farrara
                                                                                                                1. In San Carlo more than 350 families lost their homes.
                                                                                                                  1. 5,000 people left homeless
                                                                                                                    1. At least 100 stuctures of historical significance have been damaged of destroyed
                                                                                                                      1. Half a clock tower fell down in the mainshock (built in the 13th century) and the remaining part collapsed completely during an aftershock later that day
                                                                                                                        1. Approximately 300,000 wheels of hard cheese, with an estimated value of 200 million euros, were destroyed
                                                                                                                        2. Responses
                                                                                                                          1. Culutral buildings repaired
                                                                                                                            1. Local emergency services worked hard to rescue people
                                                                                                                              1. Emergency aid for people displaced
                                                                                                                                1. Emergency shelters set up
                                                                                                                                  1. People back into work as soon as it was safe as the industrial area is in the North of Italy
                                                                                                                                    1. Factories were rebuilt however this took a long time
                                                                                                                                    2. What caused it
                                                                                                                                      1. shallow thrust faulting caused the earthquake this is where one plate jumps on top of anouther
                                                                                                                                        1. Eurasian and African plate
                                                                                                                                        2. Other facts
                                                                                                                                          1. The epicenter was between Finale Emilia and San Felice Sul Panaro
                                                                                                                                            1. The main earthquake measured 6.1 on the richter scale and hit northern Italy
                                                                                                                                              1. Two aftershocks of magnitude 5.2 occured, one appoximately an hour after the main event and another approximatly eleven hours after the main earthquake
                                                                                                                                      2. Volcaneos
                                                                                                                                        1. Types of volcaneos
                                                                                                                                          1. Shield volcaneo
                                                                                                                                            1. Formation
                                                                                                                                              1. When the plate collide, the denser oceanic plate is pushed down into the mantle. Here the plate melts and is destroyed in the subduction zone. In the subduction zone the plate forms a pool of magma. The heat and pressure may force the magma along a crack where it erupts at the surface to build up a volcano.
                                                                                                                                              2. Chaicteristics
                                                                                                                                                1. Tall cone, narrow base & steep sides
                                                                                                                                                  1. Layers of lava and ash
                                                                                                                                                    1. Irregular with long dormant periods
                                                                                                                                                      1. Violent eruptions
                                                                                                                                                    2. Composite cone volcaneo
                                                                                                                                                      1. Formation
                                                                                                                                                        1. The plate move apart and magma rises upwards to fill the gap. This adds new rock to the spreading plates. Some magma reaches the surface through a vent. Some volcanoes grow high enough to form volcanic islands.
                                                                                                                                                        2. Characretistics
                                                                                                                                                          1. Cone with wide base and gentle slopes
                                                                                                                                                            1. Made of lava only
                                                                                                                                                              1. Regular and frequent eruptions
                                                                                                                                                                1. Lava pours out with little violance
                                                                                                                                                            2. Examples
                                                                                                                                                              1. Shield volcaneo
                                                                                                                                                                1. Surtsey in Iceland
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mauna Loa in Hawaii
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Composite cone volcaneo
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Etna, Vesuvius and stromboli in Italy
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Krakatoa in Indonesia
                                                                                                                                                                  3. Plate boundries
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Destructive
                                                                                                                                                                      1. How they occur
                                                                                                                                                                        1. These occur when an oceanic plate is forced under a continental plate.
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Description
                                                                                                                                                                            1. The oceanic crust meltsin the subduction zone creating earthquakes and volcanoes
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Examples
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nazca and North American
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Constructive
                                                                                                                                                                            1. How they occur?
                                                                                                                                                                              1. These occur when two plates move away from each other
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Description
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Common under oceans. The gap is filled with magma creating volcaneos
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Examples
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. North American and South American
                                                                                                                                                                                3. conservative
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. How they occur?
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. These occur when two plates slide past each other
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Examples
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. North American and Pacific
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Description
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pressure builds up along the fault causing earthquakes
                                                                                                                                                                                      3. collision
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. How they occur?
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. These occur when two continental crusts collide and neither can sink
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Description
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Often this movement and pressure can cause earthquakes, but no volcanoes will occur on these boundaries
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Example
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Indian and Eurasian plate
                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Tectonic plates
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Plates
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. The picture above shows the earths tectonic paltes and which direction they are moving in:
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Convection currents
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Heat rising and falling inside the mantle creates convection currents generated by radioactive decay in the core. The convection currents move the plates. Where convection currents diverge near the Earth's crust, plates move apart. Where convection currents converge, plates move towards each other. The movement of the plates, and the activity inside the Earth, is called plate tectonics.

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