5 linguistic factors - gender

5 linguistic factors - gender

1. julia stanley and murial shulz

   • more positive words for men compared to women
   • women - more sexual connotations
   • found 200 for female - only 20 for male
   • embodies sexual inequality
   • m: not an accident that women have more names
   • patriarchal order - perorated
   • marked and unmarked terms used - doctor and lady doctor e.g.

2. robin lackoff

   • women talk differently to men
   • 1. using hedges/vague language 'sort of' and 'kind of'
   • 2. politeness - being polite within speech
   • 3. tag questions - adding on questions to the end of a sentence
   • 4. speaking in italics - emphasis on certain words
   • 5. redundant qualifiers - charming or divine
   • 6. hypercorrect grammar - you and i
   • 7. poor at recounting jokes
   • 8. specialised lexis of colour

3. dale spender/ zimmerman and west

   • shifted away from women lacking
   • men are more dominant
   • related to interaction in society
   • over rule women

4. fisherman

   • tag questions - less tentative
   • more help for flow of conversation
   • conversational shift work (shit work)
   • looked in depth at how language is socially constructed by males
   • liked with DS & Z+W

5. deborah tannen

   • difference between male and female talk as a cultural phenomena
   • men and women from different cultures
   • power and solidarity
   • women view for likemindedness
   • men compete, women co-operate
   • cross cultural miscommunication

6. keith and shuttle worth - men

   • swear more/ more authoritative
   • don't discuss emotions
     • frequent insult/competitive
   • talk about sports/ women and machines
     • dominate conversation/ more commands
   • interrupt more
   • keith and shuttle worth - women and men
     • talk more than men
     • talk too much
     • more polite than men
     • more indecisive/hesitant
     • complain and nag
     • ask more questions/ more cooperative

7. zimmerman and west study

   • studied 31 conversations
   • men interrupted 46 times
   • women interrupted twice
   • more/longer silences in mixed sex pairs

8. beattie/ obar and atkins

   • 10 hour discussion - interruptions - 557
   • compare to z+w
   • women and men interrupt same amount
   • men - 34.1 women - 31.8
   • women language - powerless language
   • status in context more relevant than gender

9. holmes and coates

   • different purposes of tag questions
   • women use affective tags to soften - show solidarity
   • men use modal tags to check facts
   • women duet: overlapping and joining over each other

10. goodwin and jones

    • males use direct imperatives - women use first person plurals
    • jones - men compete, women cooperate
    • bickering, chatting, house talk

11. deborah cameron

    • men are more competitive in speech
    • women don't challenge each other
    • women have trouble saying no
    • verbal hygiene - looks at discourse used to regulate conversation
    • men find women manipulative and confusing