Zoology What are Animals

Zoology What are Animals

1. Animals

   • Characteristics
     • Eukaryotes
       • Cell Structure
         • Membrane Bound Organelles
         • Chromosome in Nuclear Envelope
         • Internal Membrane System
           • *rough endoplasmic reticulum *smooth endoplasmic reticulum *golgi apparatus *vesicles
         • Lysosomes
         • Peroxisomes
         • Mitochondria
     • Heterotrophic
       • Nutrients Obtained form eating other organisms *must get organic nutrients form eating other organisms *must have digestive enzymes 
       • Phagocytosis
         • Animals ingest particles 
         • Advantage
           • Can eat bigger more nutritious beings They can digest food inside of body instead of outside and its more efficient. Bacteria have to release digestive enzymes outside of the cell then diffuse the molecules into their cells. 
         • Disadvantage
           • 1) More energy required to find food 2) Cant make own food so must find food and possible death if food runs out or is contaminated
       • Most animals have special place for digestion
         • Process of Digestion
           • 1) Animal eats food that goes to the special place for digestion 2) Digestion enzymes are released form a gland cell 3) Enzymes break food down into small particles 4) Food particles are engulfed and digested in food vacuoles
     • Cells without walls
       • In contrast bacteria, plant, fungal cells have tough rigid walls
         • Advantage
           • High tensile strength can withstand turgor pressure
       • Advantage for animals
         • 1: Cells are able to move allowing the animal to move 2:Phagocytosis of food is possible
     • Well-developed cytoskeleton
       • Consist of
         • Microtubules
         • Microfilaments
         • Intermediate filaments
       • reinforces cell shape
       • function in cell movement
       • Made of proteins
         • Microtubules: alpha tubulin, beta tubulin Microfilaments: Actin Intermediate Filaments: Many different proteins such as keratin 
       • developed from element found in prokaryotes
     • Flagella and cilia
       • Flagella
         • Most animal sperm has flagella
           • Structure
             • 9 fused paired of microtubule doublets surrounding two central single microtubules  
           • located at posterior of swimming cells
           • Function is to push sperm through fluid
       • Cilia
         • Most animals have cilia
           • Structure
           • Funcction is Movement of cells, small animals, and fluids over cells
     • multicellular
       • Extracellular Matrix
         • basement membrane
         • Structure
           • Could be made of collagen
         • requires production and secretion of collagen to form
           • membrane proteins anchor into the collagen to form multiplicity
         • function is to provide structural support and organize cells into layers
       • Epithelial Tissue
         • It the most fundamental cell in animal. Occur in layersCover the outside of the bodyLine organs and cavitiesLine closely in junctions
         • Create Fluid compartments
           • Intracellular Fluid
             • Helps control the movement of water and electrolytes throughout the cell
           • Extracellular/Intercellular Fluid
             • Helps control the movement of water and electrolytes throughout the cell
         • Tight junctions
           • Hold cells together. they help prevent fluid from crossing from the top of the cells to the bottom where the extracellular matrix is.  
       • True Multicellularity
         • Cell Differentiation and SpecialIzation
           • Each group of cells has a different role. meaning there is a division of labor. 
           • Cells become Interdependent
             • They depend only each other to survive
             • Loss of totipotency
               • They can no longer become different types of cells.  
         • Regulated cell cycle and growth
         • programmed cell death
           • For developmental reasons and to rid of a virus, infection, or damaged cell
         • Allorecognition and innate immunity
           • ability for cells of one organism to recognize self and possible pathogens
         • Intercellular cytoplasmic communication
           • Different cells cytoplasm is connected and they communicate through this cytoplasm connection
     • Lifecycle with sexual reproduction
       • meiosis
         • Creates genetically Unique Haploid cells
           • Gametes are created
             • Sperms
               • flagellated so sperm can swim to eggs  Produced by males
             • Eggs
               • non-motile: cant move produce nutrition for development produced by females
       • Fertilization
         • Joins two gametes forming a diploid individuals
       • Diploid Phase of the Sexual Lifecycle is dominant
         • The organisms spends most of its time in the diploid stage
     • Hox genes
       • Genes that regulate the morphology of an animal by controlling the expression of genes that influence morphological development
   • Development of Patterns
     • Animals have distinct body patterns or body plans