767333
Description
Mind Map by leonie1997, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by leonie1997
about 11 years ago
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Human health and physiology -
Antibodies and AIDS
- Production of antibodies
- 1. Antibodies are made by lymphocytes,
one of the two main types of leukocyte.
- 2. A lymphocyte can only make one type of antibody so a huge
number of different lymphocyte types are needed. Each
lymphocyte puts some of the antibody that it can make into its
plasma membrane with the antigen-combining site projecting
outwards.
- 3. When a pathogen enters the body, its
antigen binds to the antibodies in the plasma
membrane of one type of lymphocyte.
- 4. When the antigen binds to the antibodies
on the surface of a lymphocyte, this
lymphocyte becomes active and divides by
mitosis to produce a clone of many identical
cells.
- 5. The clone of cells starts to produce large
quantities of the same antibody - the antibody
needed to defend the body against the pathogen.
- 1. Antibodies are made by lymphocytes,
one of the two main types of leukocyte.
- AIDS - a syndrome caused by a vius
- AIDS shows how vital the bodies defenses against disease are.
- Destruction of the immune system
lead inevitably to death.
- Destruction of the immune system
lead inevitably to death.
- AIDS is an example of a syndrome.
- A syndrome is a group of symptoms that are found
together. Individuals with AIDS have low numbers of
one type of lymphocyte together with weight loss
and a variety of diseases cause by viruses,
bacteria, fungi and protozoa. These diseases
weaken the body and eventually cause death.
- A syndrome is a group of symptoms that are found
together. Individuals with AIDS have low numbers of
one type of lymphocyte together with weight loss
and a variety of diseases cause by viruses,
bacteria, fungi and protozoa. These diseases
weaken the body and eventually cause death.
- Cause:
- HIV causes AIDS
- The virus infects a type of lymphocyte that
plays a vital role in antibody production.
- Over a period of years these lymphocytes are
destroyed and antibodies cannot be produced.
- Without a functioning immune system, the
body is vulnerable to pathogens that would
normally be controlled easily.
- HIV causes AIDS
- Transmission
- HIV does not survive for long outside
of the body and cannot easily pass
through the skin.
- Transmission involves the transfer
of bodily fluids from on an infected
person to an uninfected one.
- Through small cuts or tears in the
vagina, penis, mouth or intestine
during vaginal, anal or oral sex.
- In traces of blood on a hypodermic needle
that is shared by intravenous drug abusers.
- Across the placenta from mother to
baby, or through cuts during childbirth or
in milk during breast-feeding.
- In transfused blood or with blood products such as
Factor VIII used to treat hemophiliacs.
- HIV does not survive for long outside
of the body and cannot easily pass
through the skin.
- Social Implications
- Family and friends suffer grief.
- Families become poorer if the individual
with AIDS was the wage earner and is
refused life insurance.
- Individuals infected with HIV may become
stigmatized and not find partners, housing or
employment.
- Sexual activity in a population may be
reduced because of the fear of AIDS.
- Family and friends suffer grief.
- AIDS shows how vital the bodies defenses against disease are.
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