The Electron

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Atoms are described more as waves than particles.

Electrons:

Electrons are wave particle dualities.

Electrons are much like standing waves.

Electrons exist in orbitals

orbitals exist in shells

an orbital can only be filled with 2 electrons

first shell is the s-orbital

the second is the p-orbital ( which can be filled with 6 electrons)

d-orbital 3rd shell. ( hide under the s-orbital)

f-orbital 4th shell.

Octet rule: outer shell must be filled with 8 electrons to be considered stable

Electron Configuration:

Number of the shell.

Number of the orbital .

Number of electrons in that orbital.

Ionization Energy:

Remove an electron to make a positive charged ion.

Start with the outermost energy level.

stronger energy is required to remove electrons closest to the nucleus

Atoms are isotropically the same when they have the same number of protons and neutrons.

Atoms are isoelectrically the same when they have the same number of electrons.

cations - positive ions.

Electron Affinity: energy required to add and electron.

The Electron Field: Required for electron to exist.

Electrons can exist anywhere within the wave of the electron field.

The strength of the wave will determine the presence of electrons.