Flashcards
Experiments revision
Flashcards do conjunto (58)
- 1What is an independent variable?The factor that changes
- 2What is a dependent variable?The thing that you measure
- 3What are the two conditions of a general experiment?- experimental condition
- control condition - 4What is the experimental condition?The condition that has experienced a change/manipulation
- 5What is the control condition?The condition that experiences no change
- 6What are the three types of experiments?- laboratory
- field
- quasi - 7What is a laboratory experiment?Where the IV is manipulated by the researcher and the experiment is carried out in a lab or other controlled setting away from the participants normal environment
- 8What is a field experiment?Where the IV is manipulated by the researcher but the experiment is carried out using participants in their normal surroundings
- 9What is a quasi experiment?Where the IV is naturally occurring and not manipulated by the researcher
- 10What are the advantages of a lab experiment?- high controls produce scientific research which is easy to replicate
- we can be sure that the variable we manipulate (IV) is the factor affecting the dependent variable (the results) - 11What are the disadvantages of a lab experiment?- low ecological validity due to artificial settings
- the artificial setting or tasks do not reflect real life events so behaviour may be artificial - 12What are the advantages of a field experiment?- a more realistic setting for a study, so ecological validity will be higher
- behaviour is likely to be a more truthful reflection of real-life actions - 13What are the disadvantages of a field experiment?- lack of control of the setting means we can't always assume the IV is influencing the DV, leading to a risk of extraneous variables influencing behaviour
- there may be ethical issues as participants might not be aware they were in an experiment - 14What are the advantages of quasi experiments?- can study the effects of variables that researchers can't manipulate, such as weather
- usually high levels of ecological validity due to the naturally occurring IV - 15What are the disadvantages of quasi experiments?- they can be very difficult to replicate due to the naturally occurring IV
- lack of control over all of the variables - 16What are the different types of experimental design?- repeated measures design
- independent measures design
- matched group design - 17What is repeated measures design?This involves using the same person in each condition
- 18What is independent measures design?This involves using different people in each condition
- 19What is matched groups design?This involves using different people in each condition but an attempt is made to make the participants as similar as possible
- 20How are the participants made similar in matched groups design?Tests are done on the individuals on the key characteristics, pairing them based on similar scores, and then placing one member of each pair into each group
- 21What are the advantages of repeated measures design?- participant variables will not affect the results as it is the same people who tale part in each condition of the experiment
- half the number of participants are needed to get the same amount of results as in the other designs - 22What are the disadvantages of repeated measures design?- order effects can affect the results from the second condition
- to avoid order effects it may be necessary to create additional test materials - 23What are the advantages of independent measures design?- there is no risk of results being affected by the order in which participants do the task because thy only do the task once
- it is possible to use the same task in each condition, controlling for any differences in this as a possible extraneous variable and making it easier for the researcher - 24What are the disadvantages if independent measures design?- results can be affected by the participant variables because there are different people in each condition
- twice as many participants are needed as in a repeated measures design just to get the same amount of results - 25What are the advantages of matched group design?- you get the benefits of both of the other designs being order effects are avoided and participant variables are not a problem
- 26What are the disadvantages of matched group designs?- it is more complicated as participants need to be pre-tested on a relevant characteristic so they can be distributed evenly across the conditions
- twice as many participants are needed - 27What is an extraneous variable?An unintentional variable
- 28What is a participant variable?They're characteristics of the individual participant that may influence the results
- 29What is a situational variable?They are any feature of the research situation which influences a participant's behaviour and therefore influence the result
- 30What is researcher bias?The term used to describe the effects of a researcher's expectations on a participants behaviour
- 31What is an alternative hypothesis?A hypothesis that predicts how one variable (the IV) is likely to affect another variable (the DV)
- 32What is a null hypothesis?This predicts that the IV will not have an effect on the DV
- 33What are the two directions of hypothesis?- two-tailed
- one-tailed - 34What is a two-tailed hypothesis?This predicts that the IV will have a significant effect on the DV, but it doesn't predict the direction this effect will go in
- 35What is a one-tailed hypothesis?This predicts not only that the IV will have a significant effect on the DV but also the direction this effect will go in
- 36What does operationalisation mean?This refers to the process of making variables physically measurable or testable
- 37What are the four sampling methods? (and explain)- self-selecting: when people volunteer to take part in the study, often by adverts/posters/leaflets which contains details about the research and contact details
- opportunity: a sample of participants produced by selecting those who are available at a certain place and time
- random: a technique used where each member has an equal chance of being selected
- snowball: when participants are asked to contact their friends and family to ask them to also take part in the research - 38What is a strength and weakness of self-selecting?- Strength: Ethical as volunteered, relatively easy and participants are likely to turn up especially if there is a reward.
- Weakness: Biased based on who volunteers, possible time and cost of advertising process, may not get any volunteers - 39What is a strength and weakness of opportunity sampling?- Strength: Quick to gather participants, very easy as no advertising or selection process required
- Weakness: Biased based on where you go and therefore who is available at the time, less ethical as participants may feel more obliged to take part - 40What is a strength and weakness of random sampling?- Strength: Should be representative of the target population
- Weakness: Can be difficult to ensure all names from the target population are included, can still be biased based on who are willing to take part - 41What is a strength and weakness of snowball sampling?- Strength: Easy as only requires finding a few participants before they recruit the rest, relatively cheap form no advertising.
- Weakness: Biased as all participants know each other and therefore may be similar to each other, may not get enough participants. - 42What are the ethical guidelines?1. Consent
2. Confidentiality
3. Withdrawal
4. Protection from harm
5. Debrief
6. Deception - 43What are the two types of data?Primary (collecting the data directly) and secondary (analysing data that already exists)
- 44What are the two types of data you collect?Quantitative (numbers) and qualitative (writing including opinions)
- 45What is a strength and weakness of quantitative data?- Strength: straight forward, easy to analyse, easy to compare
- Weakness: not detailed - 46What is a strength and weakness of qualitative data?- Strength: detailed information
- Weakness: can't be analysed, expensive - 47What is the definition of the mean, how is it calculated, and what is an advantage and disadvantage of it?- the average
- adding up all the numbers and dividing by the amount of numbers
- a quick and easy average
- doesn't tell you the range - 48What is the definition of the median, how is it calculated, and what is an advantage and disadvantage of it?- middle score
- put all numbers in order and find the middle
- shows whats in the middle
- doesn't tell you the range - 49What is the definition of the mode, how is it calculated, and what is an advantage and disadvantage of it?- appears the most
- most popular
- find most common
- doesn't tell you much - 50What are the 5 things you need on a bar graph?1. Labelled y-axis
2. Y-axis starts at zero
3. Labelled x-axis
4. Accurate data points plotted
5. A clear title - 51What are the measures of dispersion and what do they indicate?- the range
- variance
- standrad deviation
- indicate how far the results are spread out around the typical score. - 52How do you measure the range?Minus the lowest score off the highest.
- 53How do you measure the variance?1. Calculate the mean score for each condition of the experiment.
2. For each participant, subtract the mean from their score (d)
3. square that (d2)
4. Find the mean of all the d2's - 54How do you find standard deviation?Find the square root of the variance.
- 55What is an advantage and disadvantage of the range?- pro: quick and easy, gives a sense of how disappeared the results are
- con: doesn't give indications of how evenly spread the results are and is vulnerable to particularly high or low scores. - 56What is an advantage and disadvantage of the variance?- pro: it takes into account all the outliers so is more accurate
- con: it is not expressed in the same unit as the original set of data - 57What is an advantage and disadvantage of standard deviation?- pro: expressed in the same unit as the original data set
- con: time-consuming and more difficult to calculate - 58—
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- A level Psychology FlashCards sobre Experiments revision, criado por Emma Terry em 08-01-2018.
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- Emma Terry
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