Flashcards
History and Approaches
Flashcards do conjunto (29)
- 1PsychologyScience of behavior and mental processes
- 2Introspection-Technique in which subjects to accurately record their cognitive reaction to simple stimuli
-Used by Wilhelm Wundt, William James, Mary Whiton Calkins, Margaret Floy Washburn, and G. Stanley Hall - 3Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)-Founder of modern psychology
-introspection
-structuralism - 4Structuralism-Theory that analyzed the basic elements of thoughts and sensations to determine the structure of conscious experience
-the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations - 5William James (1842-1910)-1842-1910
-wrote The Principles of Psychology: the first psychology text book
-functionalism
-brought psychology to the United States - 6Functionalism-William James
-examines how the mental processes described by Wilhelm Wundt function in our lives - 7Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)-student of William James
-became president of the American Psychological Association(1905)
-completed her doctoral studies but Harvard refused to award her a Ph.D because they didn't grant doctoral degrees to women - 8Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)-first women to earn a Ph.D in psychology (1894)
- known for her experimental work involving animal behavior and sensation/perception processes - 9*G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)-student of William James
-pioneered the study of child development
-first president of the American Psychological Assocation - 10*Gestalt Psychology-wave 2
-Max Wertheimer
-tried to examine a person's total experience because the way we experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences
-demonstrated that the whole experience is often more than just the sum of the parts of the experience - 11Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)-Gestalt psychologist
-argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures - 12Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)-wave 3 Psychoanalysis
-believed he discover the unconscious mind
-proposed that we must examine the unconscious mind through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy the unique if we are to truly understand man thought and behavior
-he has been criticized for being unscientific and creating unverifiable theories - 13*Unconscious mindA part of the mind over which we do not have conscious control and which determines how we think and behave
- 14Behaviorism-wave 4
-maintain that psychologists should only look at behavior and cause of behavior: stimuli (environmental events) and responses (physical reactions)
-John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner - 15John Watson (1878-1958)-Declared that psychology must limit itself to observable phenomena, not unobservable concepts like the unconscious mind to be considered a science
-wanted to establish behaviorism as the dominant paradigm of psychology - 16Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)-performed pioneering conditioning experiments on dogs
-these experiments led to the development of the classical conditioning model of learning
- a behaviorist - 17B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)-a behaviorist
- expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement and punishment- environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses
-helped establish and popularize the operant conditioning model of learning
-his intellectual influence lasted for decades - 18EclecticA psychologist that draws from multiple perspectives
- 19The Five Waves of the history of psychology1. Introspection
2. Gestalt Psychology
3. Psychoanalysis
4. Behaviorism
5. Multiple Perspectives - 20The Eight PerspectivesHumanist, psychoanalytic, biopsychology(neuroscience), evolutionary(Darwinian), behavioral, cognitive, social-cultural(sociocultural), biopsychosocial
- 21Humanist Perspective-Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) and Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
-stressed individual choice and free will
- believe that we choose most of our behaviors and that these choices are guided by physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs - 22Psychoanalytic Perspective-Sigmund Freud
- believe that the unconscious mind controls much of our thoughts and actions
-looks for impulses or memories pushed into the unconscious mind through repression
-think we must examine our unconscious mind through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques in order to understand human thought and behavior - 23Biopsychology(neuroscience) perspective-explain human thought and behavior in terms of biological processes
-believe that human cognition and reactions might be caused by effects of our genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters in the brain or by a combination of all three - 24Evolutionary(Darwinian) Perspective-sometimes called sociobiologists
-examine human thoughts and actions in terms of natural selection
-similar to Biopsychology perspective - 25Natural selectionThe idea that some psychological traits might be advantageous for survival and that these traits would be passed down from the parents to the next generation
- 26Behavioral Perspective-explain human thought and behavior in terms of conditioning (learning)
-look strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction organisms get in. Response to specific behaviors
-dominant wave in psychology from the 1920s - 1960s - 27Cognitive Perspective-Examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, remember environmental events
- believe that the rules or methods we use to view the world are important to understanding why we think and behave the way we do - 28Social-cultural(sociocultural) Perspective-look at how our thought and behaviors vary from people living n other cultures
-emphasize the influence culture has on the way we think and act
-they are interested in the emphasis some cultures place on the value of the group(collectivism) or the individual(individualism) - 29Biopsychosocial Perspective- acknowledges that human thinking and behaviors results from the combinations of the biological, psychological, and social factors
-thinks others perspective as too focused on specific influences on thinking and behavior