Flashcards
Memory
Flashcards do conjunto (27)
- 1Autobiographical memorySpecific memory combined with knowledge
- 2Wagenaar (1986) - autobiographical memoryKept a diary for 6 years
A colleague used different features of his record as cues for recalling memories
Useful to measure memory for events that happen in a person's life - 3Theory of Representation (Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000)Autobiographical memory is a hierarchy
Specific events combine to to form general events
General events are organised into lifetime periods
Accessing a lifetime period allows access to a whole host of general events and specific events associated with that lifetime period - 42 forms of memory included in general events1) Combined, cumulative memories of specific events
2) Extended events - long series of connected episodic events, memory of a single sequence of events that occurred only once - 5Event-specific memoriesIndividual events stored in episodic memory
- 6The Working Self (Conway, 2005)The combination of autobiographical memory, goals, and self-monitoring processes
The monitoring function that controls the retrieval of information from levels of representation - 72 features of the working self that functions to keep memory intact1) Coherence - works to keep memories consistent with our views of ourselves
2) Correspondence - works to keep memories accurate - 8Recency effectLots of memories are recalled from the past 2 years or so
- 9Reminiscence effectSpike in recalled memories corresponding to late adolescence and early adulthood (16-25)
- 10Pollyanna principleFocus on positive aspects of events
People are more likely to recall positive events and positive aspects of complex events - 11Memory-fluency and the reminiscence bumpMany first experiences during this time period which are unique and novel.
Unique and novel experiences tend to be better remembered - 12Neurological views on the reminiscence bumpYoung adults have the most efficient encoding system as the brain has just fully matured yet he inevitable decline has not set in
Maximal maturity for fronto-hippocampal circuitry (Conway, 2005) - 13Socio-cultural views on the reminiscence bump16-25 age range associated with changes in identity formation
Suggests a reminiscence bump should consist of many memories consistent with a culture's particular set of traditions - 14Jassen et al. (2011) Cue-word technique and the reminiscence bump16-75 years old
64 cue words and a random selection of 10 words
Asked to describe a personal event that came to mind, and date the event
Reminiscence bump peaked when the event was around 6-10 years ago
Personal events from the bump are not recalled differently than events from other lifetime periods, there are just more of them - 15Flashbulb memoriesMomentous events lead to memories that are more confident, but not more accurate than ordinary memories
Regardless of actual accuracy of flashbulb memories, they feel more accurate to us - 16Flashbulb memories and our own situationIf we only consider our memory of our personal situation, not the details of the momentous event, memory is incredibly accurate
Memory for our personal context is very accurate - 17Emotion (Kensigner & Schachter, 2006)Positive events lead to more distortion and overconfidence.
Negative events lead to less overconfidence and more accuracy
When considering accuracy of flashbulb memories it is important to take into account factors such as emotion - 18Special mechanism of flashbulb memory formationFlashbulb memories are virtually literal representations of the what, how and where of the original event
When an event of great emotional impact and importance occurs, the system immediately encodes with great detail and vividness
Flashbulb memories are subjectively strong but not always accurate - 19Ordinary mechanism of flashbulb memory formationFlashbulb memories are normal memories but they are emotionally charged and socially significant events
Normal encoding mechanisms create flashbulb memories, meaning they are also subject to forgetting and becoming distorted
Errors will occur in these memories and they will be consistent with the meaning of the event - 20Retrieval of emotional memories from autobiographical memory (Holland & Kensigner, 2010)Factors beyond arousal and personal involvement can influence how vividly a memory is encoded
- 21Two possible explanations as to why positive events are recalled more easily1) Most people's schemes are relatively positive so positive experiences may be more relevant and easily integrated into a person's self image
2) Valence of an event may directly influence the way it is remembered
The way we feel can alter the way we process information and the manner we go about solving problems - 22Weapon-focus effect (Loftus et al., 1987)Witnesses to a crime remember details about weapon used but not about more peripheral event features
- 23Object focus in autobiographical memory (Chipchase & Chapman, 2013)Experimental stimulation of autobiographical memory
Production of new episodic memories
Asked "did you see a..." followed by an object (central) or backgrounds (peripheral)
Central-peripheral trade off with negative emotion, but not with positive emotion.
But improved memory for specific memory for specific details with negative emotion, and also with positive emotion. - 24Summary of feelings in emotion reconstruction (Fredrickson, 2000)When asked or recall how we felt during an emotional event we must summarise across all affective moments of that event to give a suitable answer
Used as a useful heuristic to evaluate an event - duration of event seems to be disregarded - 25Memory accessibility model (Robinson & Clore, 2002)Based on the assumption that past feelings cannot be stored or recalled
Emotions can be reconstructed based on contextual details like past thoughts, through the process of episodic remembering but these event specific details fade quickly with time
We rely on semantic memory to reconstruct past emotions, which is subject to personal biases - 26Effect of emotion on autobiographical memory - depression (Williams et al., 1997)When influenced by strong negative emotion, such as depression, we access different aspects of our memories, than when not depressed.
Seems to reveal a functional and self-protective element of how our autobiographical memories can be accessed - 27Effect of self-esteem on autobiographical memory (Conway, 1990)Autobiographical memory can be influenced by the need to preserve our self-esteem
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- FlashCards sobre Memory, criado por Charlotte Moss em 03-05-2019.
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- Charlotte Moss
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