Flashcards
weimar
Flashcards do conjunto (172)
- 1What is the legacy of WW1?-4 yrs of fighting
-eleven million germans fought 2 million died 4 million were casualties
-German debts trebled to 150 billion marks - 2How did WW1 affect German civilians?750,000 civilians died due to starvation as the British blocked the ports
- 3Name 4 places that had protests and revolts to German control:-Stuttgart
-Hanover
-Kiel and Hamburg
-Munich - 4What happened in Stuttgart?the workers in the Daimler plant went on strike and demonstrated in the streets.
- 5What happened in Hanover?soldiers refused to control people that were protesting. in many places local people set up workers' and soldiers' councils to take over their cities
- 6What happened in Munich?7th November in the German state of Bavaria workers declare da strike. led by a jewish communist Kurt Eisner. they announced their separation from Germany
- 7What happened in Kiel and Hamburg?October 1918 crews in the German navy mutinied in the ports of Kiel and Hamburg
- 8When did the kaiser abdicate?9th November 1918
- 9Why did the kaiser abdicate?he was told by general Wilhelm that he had lost support of the army so he had no choice but o abdicate.
- 10What did the kaiser do once he'd abdicated?he fled to holland into exile
- 11When was the declaration of the republic?9th november 1918
- 12Who is Phillip Scheidemann?a leading member of the social Democratic Party (the biggest party in the German parliament)
- 13Why did Phillip Scheidemann announce the new republic?he was told that armed rioters were going to announce a communist government inn Berlin. Scheidemann wanted a more moderate form of government so he rushed to the window of the Reichstag and announced the new republic
- 14Who is Ebert and when did he come to power?9th november 1918 max von baden handed over his office to Ebert the new leader of the social Democratic Party
- 15What did Ebert do on the 10th of November? (in regards to the military)made agreements with General Groener for the army to work with the government to keep communists out of power
- 16What did Ebert do on the 10th November? (in regards to parliament)Ebert suspended the old parliament and named 6 moderate politicians to form the council of people's representatives. these people would head the government until a new constitution was formed.
- 17Why did Ebert chose 6 moderate politicians to head the government?to prevent anarchy or a takeover by communist extremists
- 18What does abdication mean ?a leader, like a king, queen or emperor, giving up their throne or position
- 19What does communist mean ?an extreme form of government in which representatives of the workers set up a government and take over ownership of all land, property and resources in a country
- 20What does constitution mean?the rules which set out how a country is ran
- 21What happened on 11th November 1918?Ebert's representative, Matthias Erzberger, signed the armistice.
- 22What was the armistice and when was it signed?11th november
This was a formal agreement between Germany and the allies to end the first world war - 23What did Ebert do to increase people's confidence in the Weimar Republic?-arranged for civil servants to work alongside soldiers to keep the state running
-he reassure General Groener that the army would not be reformed
-he reassured industry leaders that no land or factories would be confiscated
- he promised trade unions to aim for a 8 hour working day - 24What is a Civil Servant?somebody that works for the government in some way
- 25What is a Trade Union?groups of workers formed to protect the rights and interests of workers in certain occupations
- 26When did the council of people's representatives take over control of Germany ?november 1919
- 27What was the role of the National Assembly ?to create the new constitution for Germany
- 28When did the elections for the National Assembly take place ?19th jan 1919
- 29How many people voted in the election for the National Assembly ?82% of electorates
- 30When was the first meeting of the National Assembly ?feb 1919
- 31Where did the National Assembly meet and why ?Weimar 250km outside of Berlin due to unrest and upset
- 32When did the National Assembly agree on their new constitution ?31st July 1919 by 262 to 75 votes this new constitution was known as the Weimar Republic
- 33Who was the head of state ?the president of the Weimar
- 34How often was a new president elected ?every seven years by the people
- 35What was the president's significance?he chose the chancellor and had other important political powers
- 36What was the chancellor's significance ?-head of government
-chose all government ministers - 37What was the cabinet?the most important ministers met with the chancellor in the cabinet, the main decision making body of the government
- 38How was the parliament formed?-made of two houses the Reichstag and the Reichsrat
laws had to pass through both houses - 39What was the Reichstag ?- the more powerful house
-controlled taxation
- directly selected by the people at least once every four years - 40What was the Reichsrat?-also selected every 4 years
-represents regions of Germany
-each region sent a certain amount of representatives depending on its size - 41What is an electorate ?a man or woman aged 20 or up that could vote
- 42What was article 1 ?it stated that Germany was to be democratic
- 43What were the strengths of the new constitution ?-democratic
-men and women could vote
-voting age reduced
-it was carefully constructed to prevent one person or group from having too much power - 44What were the weaknesses of the constitution?-coalition government, normally short lived
- weak in a crisis as its not single party rule
- it was built on division and violence several parties were communists which directly opposed democracy - 45Why was the Weimar Republic unpopular ?the politicians that ran and set up the Weimar Republic were the ones who accepted an unpopular peace treaty so this unpopularity was lined to the Weimar Republic
- 46Why did Germany sign the Armistice?-by november 1918 there was a lot of political and social unrest money and troops were running low
- the entry of 2 million us soldiers made the allies stronger
- august 1918 germany was in retreat and its defensive fortification, the Hindenburg line had been breached - 47When was the Treaty of Versailles signed ?28th June 1919
- 48Where was the treaty of Versailles signed?in a French palace in Versailles near Paris
- 49Why was the Treaty of Versailles very unpopular?because of Article 231
- 50What is article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles?war guilt clause- it stated that because Germany started the way they must pay for war damage repairs also their army had to be limited as well as their territory
- 51How much did Germany have to pay for reparations ?136,000 million marks (£6.6 billion)
- 52What happened to Germany's colonies because of the treaty of Versailles ?the 11 German colonies in Africa and the Far East were given to victorious countries as mandates
- 53How did the army get affected as a result of the Treaty of Versailles ?-only 100,000 men and no heavy artillery
-6 battleships
- 6 cruisers
-12 torpedo boats
- 12 destroyers
-and no submarines
- no Air Force
- the Rhineland was de-militarised - 54What land did Germany lose as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?-Alsace and Lorraine lost to France
-Eupen and Malmedy lost to Belgium
-Posen and West Prussia lost to Poland
-Upper Silesia voted to become part of Poland
- Northern Schleswig became part of Denmark - 55What did Dolchstoss mean?stab in the back
- 56Why did people say the politicians that signed the treaty of versailles betray the army (dolchstoss) ?because the army had not been defeated even Ebert said "your sacrifice and deeds are without parallel. No army defeated you !"
- 57What were the politicians that signed the Treaty of Versailles ?the November criminals
- 58What were the main 3 parties of the Weimar Republic ?-SPD (social democrats)
-DDP (democrats)
-the centre party - 59How many seats did the three main parties hold ?80% of the seats
- 60Why were there challenges to the Weimar Republic from certain parties?There were extreme left wing and right wing parties that did not support the Weimar Republic
- 61What did the extreme right wing political groups want ?-strong army and government
-leader like a kaiser
-capitalism private ownership of land and businesses
-law and order traditional values
-the National Party (DNVP) main right wing party in 1919 - 62What did the extreme left wing political groups want ?-Germany to be controlled by the people
-NO capitalism or private ownership
-the stressed co-operation not independence
-The German communist party (KPD) main left wing group in 1919 - 63What changed to the seats each party had in the Reichstag ?-main three had 77% of seat after 6th June 1920 election
-in Reichstag they only had 45% seat
-main right wing and left wing groups had 20% of seats each
- the rest of the seats were divided among smaller parties - 64What problems were there with the seats after 6th June 1920?moderate parties couldn't form majority coalitions and they were being constantly attacked by left and right wing groups
- 65Information about the German communist party (KPD):-set up in December 1918
-supported by Soviet Union so it was well funded
-33 newspapers and 400,000 members
-supported by the Spartacist league - 66who were the Spartacist league ?extreme socialists from the uspd, independent socialist party based in Berlin named. themselves after the head of the slaves' revolt in Ancient Rome Spartacus
-they supported communists - 67Who led the Spartacist league ?Rosa Luxemburg (Red Rosa)
Karl Liebknecht - 68Who is Emil Eichhorn ?a police chief in Berlin popular with the workers
- 69What happened on the 4th January 1919?Ebert fired Emil Eichhorn
- 70What happened as a result of Emil Eichhorn being fired ?the next day thousands of workers took to the streets in protest
- 71What did the Spartacists do after Emil Eichhorn was fired ?They saw this as a chance to undermine the government
they called for a general strike and an uprising in Berlin - 72What happened on the 6th January 1919?100,000 workers took to the streets
-they seized government newspapers and telegraph offices
-the weimar was losing control of the capital - 73Who were the Freikorps ?ex- soldiers that had returned to Germany in November 1918 but most of them still had their weapons
-many were right winged opposed the communist
-Ebert ordered the Reichwehr officers to organise them into Freikorps (free corps) unit - 74How many Freikorps were there ?250,000 men by March 1919
- 75How did the spartacist revolt come to an end ?-Ebert turned the Freikorps on the revolters
- many were unarmed so they were no match - 76What happened on the 13th Jan 1919?workers were driven off the street by the Freikorps
- 77What happened on the 16th January ?Liebknecht was shot
Luxemburg was struck on the head with a rifle butt, shot in the head and her body was dumped in a canal - 78What was the Kapp Putsch ?a right winged uprising
- 79When was the Kapp Putsch ?March 1920
- 80Why did the Kapp Putsch occur ?The Freikorps unit was due to be disbanded, fearing unemployment they turned their arms on the republic.
- 81How many men took part in the Kapp Putsch ?5000 armed men marched on Berlin
- 82What happened during the Kapp Putsch ?-Ebert ordered General Seeckt to resist the rebels but he refused because "Reichswehr does not fire upon Reichswehr"
-Wolfgang Kapp (leader) declared a new government and invited the kaiser to return from exile - 83What did members of the real government do in response to the Kapp Putsch ?They fled to weimar then to stuttgart
- 84what did the people do in response to the Kapp Putsch ?they didn't want to see the kaiser return so they went on strike meaning essentials such as water electric and gas all stopped.
- 85How did the Kapp Putsch end ?Kapp realised he couldn't govern so he fled but he was caught and imprisoned where he later died. The rebellion collapsed and the weimar government ministers returned
- 86What happened to Hugo Haasse?he was murdered in 1919
he was one of Ebert's council of peoples representatives - 87What happened to Matthias Erzberger?he was shot and killed in august 1921
he signed the armistice - 88What happened to Walhter Rathenau ?He was machine gunned to death in Berlin June 1922
he was the weimar foreign minister - 89What did the KPD do in response to all of the political assassinations ?set up a private army called the RotfrontKämpfer (red front fighters)
- 90What did the DNVP do in response to the political assassinations ?they were supported by the Stahlhelm (steel helmets)
- 91What did the SPd do in response to the political assassinations?they had the Reichsbanner Schwartz-Rot-Gold (red black and gold flag)
- 92Why did the French occupy the Ruhr?due to Germany not paying reparations
December 1922 German didn't send France coal from Ruhr coalfields - 93When did the French occupy the Ruhr ?January 1923
- 94What did France do in the Ruhr?the took raw materials
manufactured goods
industrial machinery - 95What did the German do in response to the French occupation of the Ruhr ?the German government urged passive resistance- the workers went on strike and some even sabotaged the French
- 96Why did the Germans not fight the French occupation of the Ruhr ?There military was limited there were severely outnumbered
- 97What were the effects on Germany of the fence occupation of the Ruhr?-it crippled Germany 80% of its coal iron and steel reserves were in the Ruhr
-increased Germany's debts
-increased unemployment
-worserned the shortage of goods - 98What is inflation?when money's value decreases
- 99Why did Germany print more money ?to keep up with the demands for money
-reperations
-workers - 100Why did printing more money lead to hyper-inflation ?the more money they printed the less it became worth therefore they printed more
-vicious cycle - 101Statistic on hyperinflation :Loaf of bread
1919 = 1 mark
1922 = 100 marks
1923 = 200,000 billion marks - 102What were the effects of hyperinflation ?-normal living was impossible
- shortage of goods for everyone
-savings became worthless - 103Who benefited from hyperinflation ?-people with loans
- people who hoarded goods
- foreign visitors - 104What was the effect of hyperinflation politically ?-weimar looked weak and its main supporter (middle class ) had been worse affected
- government had kill thousands just to stay in power
- extremist groups gained popularity - 105When did Stresemann become Chancellor and foreign secretary ?august 1923
- 106When did Stresemann retire as chancellor ?November 1923 but he remained foreign secretary until 1929
- 107When was the rentenmark introduced ?November 1923 by a bank called the r
Rentenbank set up by Stresemann - 108What was a rentenmark ?it was a new currency that had actual value
- 109When was the Reichsbank given control of the new currency ?august 1924- the currency was renamed the reichsmark
- 110What was the effect of the Rentenmark?it ended hyperinflation
- 111When did Stresemann agree to the Dawes plan ?April 1924
- 112Who came up with the Dawes plan ?Charles g Dawes
- 113What were the agreements of the Dawes plan?-reperatations were temporarily reduced to £50 million a year
-US banks gave loans to German Industry they gave $25 billion between 1924-30 - 114What effect did the Dawes plan have on Germany ?-French left the Ruhr as Germany would pay them
-industrial output doubled between 1923-28 exceeding pre- WW! levels
-employment trade and income from taxation increased - 115What were the draw backs to the Dawes plan?- extreme political parties were furious Germany agreed to pay reparations
-the fragile recovery was reliant of American loans - 116When did Stresemann agree to the young plan ?august 1929
- 117Who came up the Young plan ?Owen Young an American banker
- 118What was the Young plan ?-decreased reparations to £2 billion
-they were given an extra 59 yrs to pay it - 119What was the draw backs and the opposition to the Young plan?-still £50 million a year to pay
-in debt for longer
-hitler said that extending the length of payments was "passing on the penalty to the unborn" - 120What were the benefit to the Young plan for Germany ?-lower taxation on ordinary German people
-French left Rhineland in 1930
-increased confidence in the weimar
-Boosted industry and employment - 121How did the referendum for the Young plan go ?35 million German voted in favour of it (85% of voters)
- 122When was the Locarno pact signed?1st december 1925
- 123What was the Locarno pact ?a treaty between Germany, France, Britain, Italy and Belgium
- 124what was different about the Locarno pact and the treaty of versailles?Germany agreed to the Locarno pact they were not forced into it
- 125what was agreed upon in the Locarno pact ?-germany accepted the 1919 borders with France, France promised peace with Germany
-the Rhineland would be permanently demilitarised
-there were open talks about German membership to the league of nations - 126why did Stresemann see the Locarno pact as a triumph ?-made war in Europe less likely Stresemann got the Nobel peace prize 1926
-Germany was being treated equally, this raised confidence of moderate parties - 127What are the oppositions to the Locarno pact?some parties hated that the treaty of versailles borders had been confirmed
- 128What was the league of nations ?an international body in which powerful countries discussed ways of solving problems without resulting in war
- 129When was the league of nations set up ?Just after WW1
- 130When was Germany allowed to be a member of the league of nations ?September 1926
- 131what was the effects of the league of nations on Germany ?it boosted confidence in moderate parties but some parties believed it to be linked with the treaty of versailles therefore, they detested it
- 132When was the Kellogg- Briand pact agreed ?august 1928
- 133who agreed to the Kellogg- Briand pact ?Germany and 61 other countries
- 134What did the Kellogg- Briand pact agree on ?it promised that states would not use war to achieve foreign policy aims
- 135What was the effect of the Kellogg-Briand pact on Germany ?-it showed that Germany was no longer dictated by the powers
-it showed that weimar was a respected state
-it increased confidence in moderate parties - 136Why was there opposition to the Kellogg- Briand pact ?people still hated that Germany was restricted by the treaty of versailles
-loss of land
-military
-reparations - 137what was the aim of Stresemann's strategy ?-remove hardships for German civilians
-cut support for moderate parties
-reach agreements with the other powers - 138What was the change in support for parties in regards to Stresemann's strategy?may 1924: moderate parties= 50%
extreme parties= 40%
may 1928: moderate parties= 58%
extreme parties= 28% - 139Why was confidence in the Weimar Republic strengthened in 1925?Friedrich Ebert died (president of republic)
-he was a social democrat who forced the kaiser out
-seen as one of the 'November criminals' - 140Who was Ebert replaced by ?Paul von hindenburg
- 141Who was Paul von Hindenburg ?former field Marshall on the kaiser's army
- 142what happened on October 3rd 1929?Stresemann died
- 143Statistics on unemployment:1926= 2 million
1928= 1.3 million - 144When was the unemployment insurance act created?1927
- 145What was the unemployment insurance act ?charged 16.4 million 3% of their wages in order to pay an average of 60 marks per week in unemployment and sickness benefits
- 146Statistics on average weekly hours for working :1925= 50 hours
1927= 46 hours - 147What was housing like in 1923 ?there was a shortage of 1 million homes
- 148what happened in 1925 in regards to housing ?there was a 15% rent tax to fund building associations
- 149how many houses were built between 1925- 1929 ?37,000 new homes
- 150Who was helped by the 1920 Reich pension law ?750,000 war veterans
400,000 war widows
200,000 parents of dead service men - 151Statistics in regards to education :prior to WW1= 70,000
1928= 110,000 - 152What was article 109 ?-women had equal rights to men
-marriage was equal for both genders
-women can enter all professions on an equal basis to men - 153Stats on women in politics :-turnout of women voters was 90 %
-112 women voted into Reichstag
-1932 10% of Reichstag was female - 154How many women worked statistics :1918- 75% of women were in work
1926- 36% of women in work - 155evidence that article 109 did not work-women paid 33% less than men
-few women entered high status professions by 1933 only 36 female judges
-women expected to give up work once married - 156Positive statistics on women at work :number of female doctors rose from 2,500 to 5,000 between 1925 and 1932
- 157What were 'new women' ?females, young and unmarried living in the city near job opportunities in the 1920's
-greater financial independence
-greater social independence - 158what did 'new women' do ?-bought more clothes, wore makeup jewellery, revealing clothing and had shorter hair
-they smoked and drank more, went out unaccompanied
-some seemed less interested in marriage and families and took advantage of liberal sexual attitudes that developed during the war - 159What did Germany not like about 'new women' ?mainly men but many women thought the growing independence for women challenged the traditional aspects of society such as: motherhood, family and good house keeping
- 160How can statistics back up the negative viewpoint towards the 'new women'?-1913 128 live births per 1000 women this fell to 80 by 1925
-1913 27 divorces per 100,000 people by the 1920's this rose to 60 - 161Why was society divided about these 'new women'?some women felt liberated, whilst others were scared to change
-some men accepted the change whilst others thought it threatened the role of men in society
-traditionalists complained loudly
-some blame the economical instability on women upsetting the labour market - 162what did the social divide about these 'new women' cause ?it became the source for many social tensions within the Weimar Republic
- 163what happened in the 1920's in regards to cultural changes ?-imperial regime from kaiser was thrown off
-weimar constitution allowed freedom of speech in law
-economically recovery 1924 allowed death to fund the arts - 164What is new objectivism in regards to cultural changes ?that the arts should not show a romantic view of the world but show life as it really is, poverty and squalor
- 165What was modernism in regards to cultural changes?the idea that the arts should not hark back to the past but instead embrace the future and see beauty in cities, industry and technology
- 166what is expressionism in regards to cultural changes ?the idea that art should reflect the artists thoughts and emotions and not being limited by showing everything exactly how it is
- 167what was the bauhaus movement ?the bauhaus was a design college in Berlin
-the bauhaus style stressed the beauty in technology, simple lines and careful craftsmanship - 168How did government support help the cultural changes ?they gave grants to galleries, theatres, orchestras, museums and libraries
- 169What happened with architecture?Erich Mendelsohn was influenced by the bauhaus school of design
-he was asked to build the Einstein tower, an observery, in Potsdam. he designed it as a futuristic rocket - 170What happened with cinema ?first film with sound was made in 1930 and by 1932 3800 cinemas showed films with sound
- 171what were the oppositions to the cultural changes in weimar?KPD- money needed to be spent on extravagance, working people needed the basic
Nazi party- the changes undermined the tradition German culture - 172—
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- Year 9 History FlashCards sobre weimar, criado por Rhea Slater em 07-10-2019.
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- Rhea Slater
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