Flashcards
Medicine through Time
Flashcards do conjunto (117)
- 1What is the Theory of the 4 Humors?Hippocrates thought the body was made up of 4 humors; blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile. If a patient was ill it was because the humors were imbalanced. Could be treated by purging the patient.
- 2How did Galen adapt Hippocrates idea?He suggested new ways of balancing the humors using opposites
e.g. if you had a cold, and an excess of phlegm, you would use something hot, like chilli, to balance it. - 3What did Galen discover through his experiments and dissections?Galen discovered that the brain controls speech, not the heart, through his dissections of pigs.
- 4What were some of Galen's mistakes?He thought that the jaw had two bones, blood was made in the liver and it was burned up after use, and that muscles were attached to bones. Also the theory of the 4 humors was incorrect.
- 5What were some features of Roman Public health?- Public toilets, baths, and water fountains
- Water pipes and sewers
- Aqueducts to transport water - 6What happened to medicine and public health after the collapse of the Roman Empire?Their public health system collapsed, libraries full of books were destroyed, the warring tribes were not interested in education or medicine.
- 7Why did Galen make mistakes?He had to dissect animals rather than humans in Ancient Rome, so many of his ideas were based on animal anatomy rather than human anatomy
- 8What else did the Romans believe caused diseases and how did they try to treat ilnesses based on this?They also believed in supernatural causes, so they built temples to the God of Healing, Aslepius. These temples were called Asclepions.
- 9Why was the time of the Romans so beneficial for medical training?There was a lot of war and the Romans had a huge army so surgeons became skilled at treating wounds and illnesses, so that the army was kept healthy.
- 10What carried on after the collapse of the Roman Empire?Galen's theories were carried forward by the Church, which also survived, and they were taught for hundreds of years afterwards.
- 11Why was public health so important to the Romans?They recognised that there was link between dirt and disease, so they tried to keep eveything and everyone clean to prevent epidemics and keep their army healthy.
- 12What were some features of the public baths?- an exercise yard
- sauna/ steam room
- warm and cold water pools
- only cost a small amount and even the smallest town had public baths to make it easier to people to keep clean - 13What was Laissez-faire?This was the attitude of the Government during the Middle Ages. They did not think that it was their job to improve public health, they thought that people should look after themselves.
- 14Who were the Dirty Party?These were the local ratepayers who didn't want the laissez-faire attitude to change because they didn't want to have to pay for the health of the poor.
- 15What happened to Galen's ideas after the end of the Roman Empire?Galen's ideas were carried forwards and were used to train doctors for thousands of years after the collapse of the Roman Empire.
- 16How did doctors diagnose their patients in the 1300s?Used clinical observation by looking at their urine, or used astrology.
- 17What was the most common treatment and why?Most common was bleeding or purging, as they were taught the theory of the 4 humors and believed they needed to balance them.
- 18What was the Black Death?Most likely Bubonic Plague, which often went alongside Pneumonic Plague. Caused swellings, or buboes to appear, and caused a fever.
- 19What did people think caused the Black death?Miasma, supernatural punishment, an imbalance of the humors, astrological reason or Jews poisoning the wells.
- 20What did people use as treatments or to prevent the Black Death?Burn barrels of tar to keep away the bad air, or miasma, or would try to balance the humors with bleeding or purging.
- 21What were hospitals like in 1350?Run by monks and nuns, no infectious or incurable patients admitted, more like a care home, kept clean and well fed.
- 22How did hospitals develop between 1350 and 1750?Henry VIII dissolved monasteries, now no hospitals run by monks or nuns, run by locals, charities or town councils.
- 23What were hospitals like by 1750?Run by trained physicians, and some admitted infectious patients, however nurses were not trained.
- 24What were some popular treatments by 1750?Herbal remedies that people could by from an apothecary were popular, and bleeding was still popular. Prayer still important.
- 25Why did Galen's ideas carry on being taught for so long?The Church remained a huge influence on everybody and controlled medical training, and the Church liked Galen's ideas as they fitted in with what the Bible taught. The Church did not allow human dissection so nobody could find out for themselves whether Galen's ideas were correct.
- 26How did the Renaissance change people's view?People began to love knowledge again and wanted to find things out for themselves, this led to many new developments and inventions that helped the progress of medicine.
- 27How did Art help medicine to progress?Artists started to draw from real life, some, such as Da Vinci, dissected bodies and drew detailed drawings of human anatomy. These were shared with physicians who made their own discoveries from the images, such as Vesalius.
- 28When was the Black Death?1348, it killed 40% of the population.
- 29When was the Great Plague?1665, it killed 100,000 people.
- 30When did Vesalius publish his book, and why was it a breakthrough?1543, Vesalius' book was the first published book on anatomy that proved many of Galen's ideas wrong.
- 31What happened in 1628?William Harvey published his book proving that the heart is a pump.
- 32When did Edward Jenner develop his smallpox vaccination?1796
- 33What happened in 1842?Chadwick publishes his report on the living conditions of the poor.
- 34What happened in 1861?Pasteur publishes his germ theory.
- 35What happened in 1875?Koch proves germ theory by identifying the anthrax bacterium.
- 36When did National Insurance begin?1911
- 37When was Penicillin discovered?In 1928, by Alexander Fleming, but he did not see how he could grow enough of it for it to be useful.
- 38What happened in 1948?The NHS was formed, by Aneurin Bevan.
- 39What happened in 1953?Watson and Crick discover the structure of DNA.
- 40Who was John Snow?Linked cholera to dirty water (Broad St pump), 1854.
- 41Who was Louis Pasteur?Germ Theory 1861, proved germs cause disease (not spontaneous generation).
- 42Who was Joseph Lister?Used carbolic acid in surgery to prevent infection (antiseptics). 1865
- 43Who was Aneurin Bevan?Health Minister. Overcame opposition to launch NHS 1948.
- 44What happened in 1848?1st Public Health Act
- 45How did Printing help medicine progress?The invention of the printing press really helped medicine. It was now possible to produce books cheaply and quickly. Knowledge and ideas could be shared across Europe more easily. The amount of new reading material available meant people began to think for themselves more
- 46How did Exploration help medicine to progress?New plants and substances were brought back and trade routes were established strengthening communication
- 47How did New Machinery help the progress of medicine?The invention of the pump help inspire people like Harvey to think about how the body worked. New techniques in glass making led to the invention of the microscope
- 481858Big Stink - due to London's poor sewer system
- 491867Working class get the vote
- 501871Compulsory smallpox vaccination
- 5118752nd Public Health Act
- 521920Homes for Heroes
- 531900 - 1945Decline in Infant Mortality
- 541942The Beveridge Report
- 551960Hospital Building
- 561970Single health issue campaigns
- 572007Smoking ban
- 582012NHS Reforms
- 59What were forceps?Instruments used in childbirth which led to women being excluded from midwifery.
- 601768William Hunter opened an Anatomy Theater to train doctors
- 611815Apothecaries Act - Introduced formal exams (for the equivalent of family doctors)
- 621858General Medical Act - Set up a system of regulation for doctors
- 631860sFlorence Nightingale - Opened School for Nursing and campaigned for improvements to hospitals
- 641860s and 70sGerm Theory and Antiseptic surgery led to improvements in hospital cleanliness
- 65Late 1860sParliament told Poor Law Unions to build infirmaries and fever hospitals
- 661902Midwives Act - Midwives now had to be trained and registered
- 67Who was Vesalius?A Professor of Surgery, born in 1514 in Brussels. Had a particular interest in human anatomy. Studied in Padua so able to dissect human corpses. Found artists willing to draw the human body. Published the book 'The Fabric of the Human Body' in 1543. Challenged Galen's ideas.
- 68Who was William Harvey?Lecturer and doctor, born 1578 in Kent. Published book on circulation in 1628. Claimed that heart was a pump, there were arteries and veins, valves caused the one way system, could not be used up.
- 69Who was Ambrose Pare?16th Century French surgeon, developed new ways of dealing with battlefield wounds. Used ligatures to seal wounds however they had no knowledge of germs or antiseptics so most wounds became infected.
- 70What were some of the main problems of Public Health in 1350?Butchers slaughtered animals in the streets, lots of people in a small area - problems with waste disposal, open sewers, waste emptied into rivers that were used for washing and drinking, lots of farm animals on the streets
- 71Actions taken by governments?Rakers employed to keep streets clean, built wooden pipes but these were easily damaged, laws made but not enforced.
- 72What was inoculation?A technique used by the Chinese and in Turkey, brought across to England by Lady Mary Wortley Montague. Involved exposing patient to a small amount or a mild form of the disease so they would be protected against further attacks.
- 73Who was Edward Jenner?He was a rural doctor. Noticed that dairymaids who caught Cowpox (a fairly mild disease) did not catch Smallpox. Developed the first vaccination in 1796.
- 74What was Jenner's experiment?1. He took pus from the sores of a cowpox sufferer
2. He rubbed the pus into a cut on a young boy's arm and treated him for cowpox
3. 6 wks later he infected him with smallpox but he did not catch it
Jenner repeated this 23 times - 75What problems did Jenner face?The Royal Society refused to publish his work, and many people were opposed to vaccination as Jenner could not explain why it worked, because Pasteur had not yet published his Germ Theory. Also Doctors had been making a lot of money from inoculation and some were careless and infected patients with smallpox.
- 76How did Jenner receive support?The British Government supported his ideas and in other countries people welcome his idea. In 1805 Napoleon had his whole army vaccinated. In 1871 the Government enforced compulsory vaccination.
- 77Who was Louis Pasteur?A French chemist, in 1850 was hired by wine producers to find out why their alcohol was going sour. Using a new microscope he discovered micro-organisms that he called Germs.
- 78What did he discover could be done about germs?He discovered that if you heated a liquid, any germs would be killed. This process is called Pasteurisation. He also proved that these germs caused disease in animals and humans, and published his Germ Theory in 1861.
- 79Who was Robert Koch?A German doctor who studied Pasteur's work and discovered better ways of studying microbes.
- 80What did Koch discover?He grew bacteria in dishes of Agar jelly any dyed them do make them show up clearer under a microscope. Through his studies he isolated the bacteria that caused anthrax in sheep, and later tuberculosis and cholera.
- 81How did Pasteur develop Koch's discoveries?He accidentally discovered the vaccination for chicken cholera after a dish on bacteria was left out in the air and weakened. He also then went on to discover the vaccination for anthrax.
- 82How did war help Pasteur and Koch in their discoveries?Rivalry between France and Germany meant that they were more determined to beat their opponent and their governments were more willing to give funding.
- 83How did research teams and government funding help Pasteur and Koch in their discoveries?The research teams meant that more experiments could be carried out at once and and different team members could bring different skills. Also junior scientists could learn and carry on their mentor's work in future, e.g. Paul Ehrlich went on to develop the first magic bullet in 1911.
- 841815Royal College of Surgeons and the Society of Apothecaries required students to pass an exam before practicing.
- 851858General Medical Council set up to register all doctors
- 86How did New Technology help to progress medicine from 1750 - 1900?> The stethoscope was invented in 1816
> Microscopes became more powerful - led to the Germ Theory. In 1830 Joseph Lister developed one that magnified up to 1000 times
> In 1866 clinical thermometer produced
> In 1881 device to measure blood pressure - 87How did attitudes and beliefs help to improve treatment in hospitals in the 19th Century?Concern for the poor was fashionable. Social Reform was spreading and the people pressured local authorities and the governments to improve matters.
- 88How did the Government improve hospitals?They listened to the social reformers and had to listen to the people because from 1867 onward the Working Class had the vote as well.
- 89How did individuals help to improve hospitals?The Germ theory meant that doctors were more aware of dirt and cleanliness. Joseph Lister used Carbolic Spray as an antiseptic during surgeries. Florence Nightingale reformed the nursing profession.
- 90Who was Florence Nightingale?Came from a wealthy family, felt that God had called her to the nursing profession. In 1854, worked as a nurse on the battlefields of the Crimea, was disgusted by conditions and used her own money to improve them.
- 91How did she reform nursing?When she returned to London she sent a report to the Government about needed changes. Her work led to a 50% drop in army hospital death rates. Opened her first school for nursing in 1861. Wrote over 200 books on nursing and hospitals and by 1901 were 68000 trained nurses in Britain.
- 92Why did towns grow so quickly in 1750 - 1900?The population of Britain expanded massively and many towns grew to become major cities. Because of the Industrial Revolution, factories needed lots of workers. Britain was wealthy but unhealthy.
- 93Why were industrial cities so unhealthy?Air was filled with smoke and soot from fires. Many new houses were built for worker accommodation but these were poor quality slums, no clean water or sewage, very overcrowded, so disease spread quickly.
- 94Why was public health so bad?Government was Laissez-faire still. People believed in Miasma still, did not link dirt to disease. There was not enough money to tackle public health.
- 951866Joseph Bazalgette's new sewers completed, They pump sewage out to sea.
- 96Who was John Snow?A doctor, mapped the deaths near his surgery during a cholera outbreak and traced it back to one pump. Remove the handle of the pump and the outbreak stopped, proved cholera a waterborne disease.
- 97How did the Great Stink of 1858 help Public Health?Triggered the Government to build Bazalgette's sewers and clean up the city.
- 98What were Magic Bullets?The first chemical cures, drugs which only killed the disease without affecting the person.
- 99What was the first Magic Bullet?Salvarsan 606, developed by Paul Ehrlich in 1909. Funded by the Government. Combined dye with various chemicals to target only disease-causing microbes.
- 100What was the second Magic Bullet?Prontosil, developed by Gerhard Domagk in 1932. Attacked the microbes causing blood poisoning. Had to test on his daughter after she contracted blood poisoning from a pinprick. It worked due to sulphonamide, which was later used to cure pneumonia, scarlet fever and meningitis.
- 101How was Penicillin discovered?Is an antibiotic, uses microorganisms rather than chemicals. Discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 after he noticed that mould in one of his petri dishes was killing bacteria. Could not get funding to develop his idea further.
- 102Who were Florey and Chain?Two scientists, who picked up Fleming's research but found it hard to grow enough Penicillin to be able to treat somebody fully. In 1939, they received funding from the American government to mass produce Penicillin and it was used on soldiers during WW2. After the war was mass produced for everyone.
- 103Factors in the discovery of Penicillin:CHANCE - by chance that Fleming's petri dish contaminated. WAR - high death rates urged the GOVERNMENT to fund Florey and Chain in 1939. TECHNOLOGY - made it easier to produce and store penicillin.
- 104Who were Watson and Crick?Scientists who discovered the structure of DNA as a double helix in 1953. Helped by detailed X-rays of DNA done by Rosalind Franklin. DNA was already known about.
- 105What was the Human Genome Project?In 1986, the Human Genome Project was set up and over 15 years identified every gene and its purpose in the human body.
- 106What is Genetic Screening?Is now possible to test people and see whether they carry a hereditary genetic disorder that could be passed onto their children.
- 107What is Gene Therapy?Normal genes from a donor could be used to replace faulty genes within a patient. Also stem cells from embryos could be used to reverse blindness or paralysis.
- 108How did Aneurin Bevan overcome opposition to the NHS?Made inspirational speeches. Compromised with doctors by allowing them to join the NHS as well as treating patients privately.
- 109When were Blood Transfusions used properly?In 1901, blood groups were discovered, and transfusions were developed to help during WW1. The technology for storing blood was also developed, making it easier to treat people.
- 110When were X-Rays discovered?Discovered in 1895 by Rontgen, a German scientist. Used to help find broken bones and bullets during WW1.
- 111Who was Marie Curie?Discovered Radiotherapy to help diagnose and treat cancer.
- 112What other forms of medical scanning were developed?CAT scans and MRI scans were used especially useful for diagnosing patients.
- 113What other technological advances have helped progress medicine?Endoscopes - led to keyhole surgery
Dialysis - helps to 'wash' the blood of people with kidney disorders
Pacemakers - for people with heart problems - 114What problems have been created by medical advances?Cost - new equipment v. expensive
Inequality - High cost can lead to waiting lists
Side effects - new drugs may have unexpected results
Ethical objections - to genetic research and testing - 1151906 - 1911Liberal Reforms
1906 - Free school meals
1907 - School medical Service
1908 - Old Age Pensions
1909 - Back to back housing banned
1911 - National Insurance - 116What was the role of women in medicine from 1350 - 1850?Not allowed to attend University, so could not train as doctors. Women in the medical profession were usually local healers, wise women, midwives or nurses.
- 117Who was Elizabeth Garrett-Anderson?In 1865 she qualified as the first female doctor in Britain. Started the New Hospital for Women in London. Women could train as doctors from 1876 onward.
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- GCSE History (Medicine through Time) FlashCards sobre Medicine through Time, criado por Phoebe Hamilton em 16-03-2015.
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- Phoebe Hamilton
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