Flashcards
Chapter 1 Learning
Flashcards do conjunto (26)
- 1What did Pavlov's original work involve?Salivating Dogs
- 2What is classical conditioning?Basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response
- 3What is the unconditioned stimulus?The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response WITHOUT the need for prior learning
- 4What is the unconditioned response?The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
(Salivation at food) - 5What is the conditioned stimulus?A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response
(Ringing the bell) - 6What is the conditioned response?The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus
(Salivation at the bell) - 7What is stimulus generalization?The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other similar stimuli as well
- 8What is stimulus discrimination?Occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli
- 9What is higher order conditioning? (Second order conditioning)A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus
- 10What is extinction?The gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior
- 11What is spontaneous recovery?Reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus
- 12Identify the classical conditioning elements in the Little Albert studyUCS: Loud noise
UCR: fear
CS: White rat
CR: fear - 13What is biological preparedness?In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses
- 14What was the main focus of Robert Rescorla's research?Reliability
- 15What is reliability?EX: Rats who received shocks always paired with a tone displayed a conditioned fear response to the tone. Rats who received additional shocks without the tone reasoned that the tone is an UNRELIABLE source of an impending shock.
- 16What is learned helplessness?A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior (Dogs who cannot escape a shock learn to accept it. When they are allowed an option to escape, they will not even try.)
- 17What is operant conditioning?The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response
- 18What are the major differences between classical and operant conditioning?Classical - neutral signal BEFORE the behavior; operant - reinforcement or punishment AFTER a behavior.
Classical - involuntary; operant - voluntary - 19What is the law of effect?Proposed by Thorndike: responses followed by satisfying effect are more likely to recur; responses followed by an dissatisfying effect are less likely to recur
- 20What is an operant?An actively committed (voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences
- 21What is positive reinforcement?Situation in which response is followed by the ADDITION of a reinforcing stimulus, which INCREASES the likelihood that it will be repeated
(Your coach yells "NICE!" after you do something good) - 22What is negative reinforcement?Situation in which response results in the removal/avoidance/escape from a punishing stimulus; INCREASING the likelihood that it will be repeated
(Take aspirin to "escape" headache; pay bills to "avoid" late charge) - 23What is punishment by application? (Positive punishment)A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus
- 24What is punishment by removal? (Negative punishment)Situation in which an operant is followed by the removal of a reinforcing stimulus
(After she buys stock (operant) the company fails and she loses her money) - 25What is shaping?The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed
- 26What was Albert Bandura's main research?Most of human behavior is acquired through observational learning; watching and processing information about other's actions and consequences influences whether or not that behavior will be imitated
Informações
- Descrição
- Learning, classical and operant conditioning
- Criado por
- Haley Cordova
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