Flashcards
Attachment
Flashcards do conjunto (63)
- 1Name & define the 5 ways infants and carers interact.Bodily contact-physical attachment helps develop a strong bond.
Mimicking - infants innate ability to imitate carers facial expressions (biological device to develop attachments)
Caregiverese- modified form of vocal language, high-pitched, repetitive, song like.
Interactional synchrony - infants move their bodies in tune of the carers voice, mimicking the turn-taking of a two-way conversation.
Reciprocity - mutual behaviour between both parties, produce responses from each other. - 2Key Research Study Klaus & Kennell (1976)Compared mums who had a large amount of physical contact a day with mums who had a reduced amount only during feeding 3 days after birth. 1 month later mums with greater physical contact before hand seemed to continue this naturally (with cuddles and eye contact) The mums with previously reduced contact continued this. These results were seen 1 year later.
Suggests greater physical contact = stronger/closer bond formation. - 3Practical application of Klaus & KennellHospitals placed mothers and babies in the same room days following birth. This encourages the formation of attachments.
- 4Name the 4 stages of development- Asocial stage (first few weeks) baby's behaviour towards inannimate objects and humans is quite similar. Some preference to familiar adults.
- Indiscriminate attachment phase (2-7 months) Babies now display more observable social behaviour towards humans. They have a preference to people rather than inanimate objects. Do not show stranger/separation anxiety.
Specific attachment phase (From 7 months) Display stanger/separation anxiety when separated from primary caregiver as they have formed a primary attachment.
Multiple attachments stage (by 1 year) Make secondary attachments with other familiar adults. - 5Prompt evaluations for flash cards. Caregiver-infant interactionsP-(Lim) Vague observations.
E- Same patterns of behavior but mere actions.
E- Infant's perspective? Conscious/deliberate.
L- Special meaning.
P-(Strength) Controlled procedures.
E- Filmed. Later analysis.
E- Babies unaware observed. Behav natural.
L- validity
P-(Lim) Socially sensitive.
E- child-rearing disadvantage.
E- working mother restrict interactional synchrony.
L- suggests mothers not return to work so soon. - 6Key Study on Stages of attachmentSchaffer and Emerson (1964)
Visited mothers at home every month for a year and at 18 months.
Measure separation anxiety by asking mothers about their children's behaviour during everyday situations.
Stranger anxiety measured by asking mothers about the child's response to unfamiliar adults.
Half of the babies showed separation anxiety. Their primary attachment was usually with the mother. This was usually with the caregiver who was most sensitive to infant signals and facial expressions (reciprocity). - 7Prompt for evaluations on Schaffer's stages of attachment. (1 of 3)P-(Strength) Schaffer & Emerson study external validity.
E- Most observations made by parents. Ordinary activities.
E- baby behaviour less likely affected, normal environment.
L- Natural behaviour. - 8Evaluations on Schaffer's stages of attachment. (1 of 3) Full answerP- A strength of Schaffer and Emerson's study is that it has external validity.
E- Most of the observations were made by parents during normal activities and reported to researchers.
E- So the behaviour of the babies was unlikely to be affected by the presence of observers.
L- It is highly likely that the participants behaved naturally while being observed. - 9Prompt for evaluations on Schaffer's stages of attachment. (2 of 3)P- Schaffer & Emerson's study longitudinal.
E- Same children followed up. Observed regularly.
E- The quicker alternative=cross-sectional.
L- Longitudinal internal val no participant variables. - 10Prompt for evaluations on Schaffer's stages of attachment. (2 of 3) Full answerP- Another strength of Schaffer and Emerson's study is that it was carried out longitudinally.
E- This means that the same children were followed up and observed regularly.
E- The quicker alternative would have been to observe different children at each age ( a cross-sectional design).
L- But longitudinal designs have better internal validity because they do not have the confounding variable of individual differences between participants (participant variables) - 11Prompt for evaluations on Schaffer's stages of attachment. (3 of 3)P- Problem with how attachment is assessed.
E- Separation anxiety displayed not equal true attachment.
E- Bowlby- distress when playmates leave doesn't signify attachment.
L- Schaffer & Emerson's attachment stages does not distinguish between different attachment types. - 12Prompt for evaluations on Schaffer's stages of attachment. (3 of 3) Full evaluationP- There may also be a problem with how multiple attachment is assessed.
E- Just because a baby gets distressed when an individual leaves the room does not necessarily mean that the individual is a 'true' attachment figure.
E- Bowlby pointed out that children may be distressed when a playmate leaves the room, but this does not signify attachment to them.
L- So Schaffer and Emerson's view of stages does not distinguish between secondary figures and playmates. - 13Alert Interactional synchronyBabies have alert phases and signal they are ready for interaction.
Interactional synchrony can be described as mother and infant mirroring each others behaviour. This can be actions and emotions. Researchers found that it is important for development in attachment. High synchrony = higher quality attachment. - 14Key study into interactional synchronyMeltzof & Moore observed interactional synchrony as young as 2 weeks old. Mothers displayed a facial expression or distinctive gesture and the child's response was filmed. Found an association between the gesture and the reaction from the child.
- 15ReciprocityReciprocity- when infant and babies respond to one another and elicit a response. It involves attention to each other's facial expressions and verbal signals. Can start from around 3 months.
Modern research sees babies as active as both mother and baby initiate interactions. Whereas traditional views saw babies as passive receiving care from an adult. - 16Prompt evaluations for flash cards. Caregiver-infant interactions 1 of 3P-(Lim) Vague observations.
E- Same patterns of behavior but mere actions.
E- Infants perspective? Conscious/deliberate.
L- Special meaning. - 17Caregiver-infant interactions 1 of 3 fullP- A limitation is that it is hard to know what is happening when observing infants.
E- Many studies into Caregiver-infant interactions have displayed the same patterns of behaviour. However, what is being observed is either hand movements of changes in expression.
E- It is difficult to be sure, based on these observations, what is taking place from the infant's perspective. For example, is the infants imitation of adult signals conscious and deliberate?
L- This suggests that we cannot be sure that behaviours seen in mother-infant interactions have a special meaning. - 18Prompt evaluations for flash cards. Caregiver-infant interactions 2 of 3P-(Strength) Controlled procedures.
E- Filmed. Later analysis.
E- Babies unaware observed. Behav natural.
L- validity - 19Prompt evaluations for flash cards. Caregiver-infant interactions 2 of 3 fullP- A strength of the research is that it uses well controlled procedures.
E- Mother-infant interactions are usually filmed, often with multiple angles. Very subtle changes in behaviour/expression can be recorded and analysed later.
E- Also babies don't know they are being observed, so their behaviour does not change in response to observation.
L- This suggests that the research has good internal validity as it is measuring what it intended to measure. - 20Prompt evaluations for flash cards. Caregiver-infant interactions 3 of 3P-(Lim) Socially sensitive.
E- child-rearing disadvantage.
E- working mother restrict interactional synchrony.
L- suggests mothers not return to work so soon. - 21Prompt evaluations for flash cards. Caregiver-infant interactions 3 of 3 fullP- A limitation is that research into mother-infant interactions is socially sensitive.
E- This is because it suggests that children may be disadvantaged by particular child rearing practices.
E- Specifically mothers who return to work shortly after the child is born restrict the opportunities for achieving interactional synchrony.
L: This suggests that mother's should not return to work so soon and some may not agree with this suggestion. - 22Lorenz's study on imprinting (Procedure)Randomly divided 12 goose eggs
half hatched with the mother, half in an incubator where the first moving object they saw was Lorenz
Mixed gozlings up to see who they would follow. - 23Lorenz FindingsIncubator group followed Lorenz, control group followed mother.
Lorenz identified a critical period in which imprinting needs to take place- within hours of hatching, if imprinting did not occur the gozlings did not attach themselves to the mother figure. - 24Harlow16 Rhesus Monkeys with two wire model mothers
-!st condition, milk dispensed from plain wire monkey
-2nd condition, milk dispensed from cloth covered monkey.
Monkeys preferences measured.
Findings- Baby monkeys cuddled (sort comfort from) cloth mother regardless of who dispensed milk. Suggests contact comfort was more important. - 25The role of the father. Schaffer & EmersonSchaffer & Emerson
found that primary attachment was usually with the mother (made at around 7 months) and it was only 3% of cases where the father was the primary attachment. Attachment to father was usually made in the multiple attachment phase. - 26The role of the father. Grossman Key StudyGrossman carried out a longitudinal study looking at the relationship between parents' behaviour and the child's attachment into their teens.
Found that quality of attachment to father was less important than the attachment to the mother.
Suggests that fathers are less important in long term emotional development. - 27Father's role GrossmanIt has been suggested that the father's role in attachment is more about the quality of play than nurturing. This suggests that they have a different role in attachment.
- 28Fathers can be primary caregivers GrossmanWhen fathers do take on the role as a primary caregiver they take on behaviours more typical of mothers.
Research found that primary caregivers spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants than secondary fathers. - 29Prompt evaluations The role of the father 1 of 4 promptsP-(lim) researchers interested different questions.
E- role of the father as a secondary attachment figure. others the primary attachment figure.
E- The former behav differently from mothers distinct role (more play). However, the latter fathers more maternal role.
L- cannot simply answer what is the role of the father. - 30Prompt evaluations The role of the father 1 of 4 fullP- A limitation is that researchers are interested in different research questions.
E- Some psychologists want to understand the role of the father as a secondary attachment figure. But others are concerned with fathers as the primary attachment figure.
E- The former have tended to see the father as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role (more play). However, the latter have found that fathers can take on a more maternal role.
L- This is a limitation as we cannot simply answer what is the role of the father. - 31Prompt evaluations The role of the father 2 of 4 promptsP-(lim) contradicting evidence undermines fathers having distinct roles.
E- Grossman important and distinct play and stimulation.
E- other researchers single and same sex parent families don't develop differently.
L- secondary attachment figure is not important. - 32Prompt evaluations The role of the father 2 of 4 fullP- A limitation is the contradicting evidence that undermines the idea of fathers having distinct roles.
E- Grossman found that fathers have an important and distinct role in their child's development involving play and stimulation.
E- However, other researchers found that children growing up in single and same sex parent families don't develop differently from those in opposing sex parent families.
L- This suggests that the father's role as a secondary attachment figure is not important. - 33Prompt evaluations The role of the father 3 of 4 promptsP-(lim) social biases prevent objective observations.
E- Preconceptions behave created and maintained by society.
E- Stereotypes unintentional observer bias.
L- difficult separate conclusions from social biases about their role. - 34Prompt evaluations The role of the father 3 of 4 fullP- A limitation is that social biases prevent objective observations.
E- Preconceptions about how mothers and fathers behave are created and maintained by society.
E- Stereotypes (fathers are more playful or stricter) may cause unintentional observer bias.
L- This suggests that it is difficult to separate conclusions on father's role of attachment from social biases about their role. - 35Prompt evaluations The role of the father 4 of 4 promptsP- (strength) research important economic implications.
E- mothers pressured stay at home research mothers are vital for healthy emotional development (Bowlby's ).
E- less likely to work contribute economy.
L- Research father has important role may comfort mothers work. - 36Prompt evaluations The role of the father 4 of 4 FullP- A strength is that this research has important economic implications.
E- Sometimes mothers feel pressured to stay at home because of research that suggests that mothers are vital for healthy emotional development (Bowlby's maternal deprivation research).
E- This means that the mothers are less likely to go to work and contribute to the economy.
L- Research that suggests that the father has an important role in the development of children may be of comfort to mothers who need or want to work. - 37Evaluations for Animal studies Lorenz 1 of 4 promptsP- (lim) Lorenz difficult to generalise from birds to humans.
E- mammalian attachment system. birds.
E- mammalian mothers more emotional attachment young.
L- not appropriate to generalise - 38Evaluations for Animal studies Lorenz 1 of 4 fullP- A limitation of Lorenz's study is that it is difficult to generalise findings and conclusions from birds to humans.
E- The mammalian attachment system is quite different from that in birds.
E- It has been suggested that mammalian mothers show more emotional attachment to their young.
L- This suggests that it is not appropriate to generalise Lorenz's ideas to humans. - 39Evaluations for Animal studies Lorenz 2 of 4 promptsP- (strength) research support concept of imprinting.
E- (Guiton) imprinted yellow gloves mate adults innate mechanism imprint on a moving object present critical window.
E- However, Guiton experience learned own kind.
L- effects of imprinting not as long lasting as Lorenz believed. - 40Evaluations for Animal studies Lorenz 2 of 4 fullP- A strength is support for the concept of imprinting.
E- Guiton found that chicks imprinted on yellow washing up gloves would try to mate with them as adults. This suggests that young animals are born with an innate mechanism to imprint on a moving object present in the critical window of development.
E- However, Guiton also found that with experience these chicks learned to mate with their own kind.
L- This suggests that the effects of imprinting are not as long lasting as Lorenz believed. - 41Evaluations for Animal studies Lorenz 3 of 4 promptP- (lim) Harlow faced severe criticism ethics research.
E- Monkeys similar humans generalise some findings suffering human-like.
E- Harlow aware of suffering wire mothers as 'iron maidens' historical torture device.
L- cost benefit analysis justify the conditions. - 42Evaluations for Animal studies Lorenz 3 of 4 fullP- A limitation is that Harlow has faced severe criticism for the ethics of his research.
E- Monkeys are seen as similar enough to humans to generalise some findings to them so it is likely that their suffering was human-like.
E- Harlow was aware of the suffering caused and referred to the wire mothers as 'iron maidens' named after a historical torture device.
L- The counter argument is that cost benefit analysis suggests that the research was important enough to justify the conditions. - 43Evaluations for Animal studies Lorenz 4 of 4 promptsP- (lim) possible confounding variable.
E- stimulus varied cloth covered or wired.
E- heads different. prefered the cloth covered more attractive.
L- lacks internal validity. - 44Evaluations for Animal studies Lorenz 4 of 4 fullP- A limitation is the possible confounding variable of Harlow's study.
E- The two stimulus varied in more ways than being cloth covered or wired.
E- For example, the heads of the monkeys were different. It is possible that many of the monkeys may have prefered the cloth covered because they found the head more attractive.
L- Therefore this suggests that the study lacks internal validity. - 45SLT explanation of attachment Classical conditioningDollard & Miller's theory of cupboard love, through classical conditioning we learn to associate food with mother.
The food is the UCS with an UCR of pleasure becomes associated with mother through repetitive feeding so mother becomes CS with the CR of pleasure.
This is thought to be the basis of attachment love. - 46SLT explanation of attachment Operant conditioning- Explains why babies cry for comfort.
- Crying leads to response from caregiver, so as long as the correct response is provided the crying is reinforced by the pleasurable consequence.
-Carer recieves negative reinforcement from the baby as the crying (negative thing) is stopped. This balance between negatove and positive reinforcement strengthens attachment. - 47Evaluations for SLT explanation for attachment 1 of 3 promptsP- (lim) evidence against food basis of attachment.
E- Lorenz's maintained attachment who fed them. Harlow's monkeys preferred the cloth covered dispensed milk.
E- attachment did not occur due to food.
L- food is not the basis of attachment. - 48Evaluations for SLT explanation for attachment 1 of 3 fullP- A limitation is that there is evidence against the idea of food being the basis of attachment.
E- Lorenz's imprinted geese maintained attachment no matter who fed them. Harlow's monkeys preferred the cloth covered monkey no matter which one dispensed milk.
E- In both these studies attachment did not occur due to food.
L- This suggests that food is not the basis of attachment. - 49Evaluations for SLT explanation for attachment 2 of 3 promptsP- (lim) learning theory ignores factors attachment.
E- Research reciprocity and interactional synchrony.
E- sensitive careers that pick up on infant signals and respond appropriately.
L- other factors may explain the success of attachment better - 50Evaluations for SLT explanation for attachment 2 of 3 fullP- A limitation is that learning theory ignores other factors linked with attachment.
E- Research into attachment suggests that quality of attachment is linked to the development of reciprocity and interactional synchrony.
E- Studies show that the best quality attachments are with sensitive careers that pick up on infant signals and respond appropriately.
L- This suggests that other factors may explain the success of attachment better than cupboard love. - 51Evaluations for SLT explanation for attachment 3 of 3 promptsP- (im) alternative explanation.
E- Bowlby's explanation advantages over learning theory. Bowly's why learning theory how it might happen doesn't offer any advantages of attachment.
E-Bowlby's encourages protection of young from caregivers.
L- more detailed - 52Evaluations for SLT explanation for attachment 3 of 3 fullP- A limitation is that there is an alternative explanation.
E- Bowlby's explanation of attachment has many advantages over learning theory. Bowly's explains why attachment happens whereas learning theory only explains how it might happen and it also doesn't offer any advantages of attachment. Bowlby's suggests it encourages protection of young from caregivers.
L- This shows that there is an alternative more detailed explanation of attachment. - 53Bowlby's monotropic theory for attachment 1 of 3- Attachment is innate like imprinting.
- Gives an evolutionary survival advantage as attachment encourages young to stay close to caregivers which protects them from harm.
- Monotropic attachment-one attachment that is unique and more important than others. - 54Bowlby's monotropic theory for attachment 2 of 3- More time spent with primary attachment is beneficial:
- Law of continuity- the more constant child's care the better attachment.
- Law of accumulated separation- the effects of all separations add up.
-Babies are born with 'cute' social releasers such as smiling and cooing to attract adult attention. - 55Bowlby's monotropic theory for attachment 3 of 3- Critical period about 2 years. If attachment is not formed in this time the child will find it harder to form attachment later.
- The first attachment forms an internal working model of relationships. This serves as a template for what other relationships are like.
This could affect the way people view relationships in later life so if their first relationship involves poor treatment then they may expect this from other relationships.
- The internal working model may affect their ability to be a parent in later life. - 56Evaluations for bowlby's monotropic theory 1 of 4 promptsP- evidence monotropy is mixed.
E- Schaffer and Emerson attach one person later formed attachments to the father. 27% both parents at the same time.
E- contradicts one attachment that is special and unique.
L- not every aspect of Bowlby's theory is supported. - 57Evaluations for bowlby's monotropic theory 1 of 4 fullP- The evidence for monotropy is mixed.
E- Schaffer and Emerson found that most babies did attach themselves to one person at first but later formed attachments to the father. But 27% formed an attachment with both parents at the same time.
E- This contradicts the idea that babies form one attachment that is special and unique.
L- This suggests that not every aspect of Bowlby's theory is supported. - 58Evaluations for bowlby's monotropic theory 2 of 4 promptsP- (strength) evidence support babies social releasers.
E- primary attachment figures to ignore babies' social releasers.
E- mild distress but motionless.
L- Bowlby's ideas about the significance of infant social behaviour - 59Evaluations for bowlby's monotropic theory 2 of 4 fullP- There is evidence to support the idea of babies having social releasers.
E- Researchers instructed primary attachment figures to ignore babies' social releasers.
E- Babies initially showed mild distress but then just curled up and layed motionless.
L- This supports Bowlby's ideas about the significance of infant social behaviour eliciting care from adults. - 60Evaluations for bowlby's monotropic theory 3 of 4 promptsP- (lim) monotropy is socially sensitive.
E- Bowlby's law of accumulated separation risks a poor quality attachment disadvantage child
E- Feminists mothers are blamed for goes wrong in a child's life life style choices , i.e not returning to work.
L- guilt/pressure on the primary caregiver. - 61Evaluations for bowlby's monotropic theory 3 of 4 fullP- A limitation is that monotropy is socially sensitive.
E- Bowlby's law of accumulated separation states that having a significant amount of time away from a primary attachment figure risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage a child in a range of ways.
E- Feminists argue that mothers are blamed for anything that goes wrong in a child's life and pushes mothers into making life style choices , i.e not returning to work.
L- This may place more guilt/pressure on the primary caregiver. - 62Evaluations for bowlby's monotropic theory 4 of 4 promptsP- (lim) Bowlby overemphasised role of attachment.
E- alternative explanation ichild's temperament development of social behaviour.
E- Temperament researchers babies are more anxious more sociable than others genetic make up.
L- This gives us another explanation of later social behaviour. - 63Evaluations for bowlby's monotropic theory 4 of 4 fullP- A limitation is that Bowlby may have overemphasised the role of attachment.
E- There is an alternative explanation is that the child's temperament is important in the child's development of social behaviour.
E- Temperament researchers suggest that some babies are more anxious and some are more sociable than others as a result of their genetic make up.
L- This gives us another explanation of later social behaviour.
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- AS - Level Psychology (Paper 1 & Research methods) FlashCards sobre Attachment, criado por Alpha Wolfrik em 30-01-2016.
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- Alpha Wolfrik
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