Flashcards
Development
Flashcards do conjunto (37)
- 1Developmental Psychologiststudies physical, cognitive, and social changes of humans throughout their life cycle
- 2Nature vs. Nurturewhat makes us who we are and drives how we behave, our genes (nature) or our experiences (nurture)?
- 3Cross-Sectional Researchone type of research in which people of different ages are examined at the same time(s)
- 4Longitudinal Researchpeople are studied and restudied over a period of time
- 5Zygotewhen a human female egg is fertilized
- 6Embryoearly, prenatal stage from about 2 weeks to 2 months after fertilization
- 7Fetusthe longest stage of prenatal, human development that lasts from 9 weeks after conception to birth
- 8Teratogensanything that can disrupt the development of an embryo or fetus in a pregnant mother's womb; may cause a birth defect, malformation, or terminate the pregnancy altogether
- 9Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)physical, cognitive, and psychological abnormalities that result from consuming alcohol during pregnancy
- 10Rooting Reflexa tendency for an infant, when stroked on the side of the face, to move its face in the direction being stroked, open its mouth, and search for a nipple
- 11Moro Reflexa normal reflex for an infant when he or she is startled or feels like they are falling; the infant will have a "startled" look and the arms will fling out sideways with the palms up and the thumbs flexed
- 12Babinski Reflexa physical reflex shown when the bottom of the foot is stimulated by a blunt instrument; also known as the Plantar Reflex
- 13Harry Harlow's Attachment Researchcontact comfort: a monkey would rather be with a soft loving mother rather than a wire one, even if the wire one provides food
- 14Contact Comfortthe physical and emotional comfort that an infant receives from being in physical contact with its mother
- 15Konrad Lorenzbest remembered for his study of imprinting in birds (the tendency of birds to identify the first being seen after birth as their "mother")
- 16Critical Perioda specific time during which an organism has to experience stimuli in order to progress through developmental stages properly
- 17Mary Ainsworthresearched attachment with her experiment "the strange situation"; multiple types of attachment, mainly secure and insecure
- 18Secure Attachmentschildren with secure attachments show minimal distress when their mother left them alone and sought comfort when their mother returned
- 19Avoidant Attachmentsdo not orientate to their attachment figure while investigating the environment; very independent of the attachment figure both physically and emotionally
- 20Anxious/Ambivalent Attachmentsa child with this type of insecure attachment tends to ignore the caregiver, sometimes almost completely
- 21Authoritarian Parenting Styleallows for little discussion or explanation of the firm controls placed on the child; a restrictive style that emphasizes respect for work and effort
- 22Permissive Parenting Stylecharacterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent
- 23Authoritative Parenting Styleparents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance, as well as a firm adherence to schedules and discipline
- 24Piaget's Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentFour stages:
1) Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
2) Preoperational (2-7 years)
3) Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
4) Formal Operational (11+ years) - 25Object Permanenceunderstanding that objects, people, etc. continue to exist even when they cannot be seen; babies understand this at about 4 to 6 months of age
- 26Schemaa framework that organizes and interprets information
- 27Assimilationprocess of absorbing new information into an existing schema (ex: a child thinks that all four-legged animals are dogs)
- 28Accommodationhappens when children adjust, change, or develop their schema to incorporate new information (ex: a child knows the difference between a cat and a dog)
- 29Animistic Thinkingpreoperational stage; children believe that inanimate objects have feelings and are real (ex: personification)
- 30Egocentrismpreoperational stage; children assume that others think and feel the same as they do, and are not able to understand other perspectives
- 31Irreversibilitypreoperational stage; child's inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events (ex: child flattens a ball of playdoh and doesn't realize that it can be reformed)
- 32Law of Conservationconcrete operational stage; a child does not understand that something stays the same even after its appearance changes
- 33What are some criticisms of Piaget's theory?1) underestimated the age at which children reach these milestones
2) Lev Vygotsky criticized that Piaget did not take into account cultural and social influences on development - 34Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Developmentstates that we progress through eight different stages of development from infancy to old age; each stage has a crisis with a positive or negative outcome
- 35Stage 1) Trust vs. Mistrust (age 0-1 years)if mother is loving and nurturing, infant will develop a sense of trust; if not, the infant will not trust people
- 36Elizabeth Kubler Ross's Stages of Death/Grief1) Denial
2) Anger
3) Bargaining
4) Depression
5) Acceptance - 37Stage 2) Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
Informações
- Descrição
- Developmental section of AP Psychology words
- Criado por
- Sarah Baldwin
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