Flashcards
Memory
Flashcards do conjunto (30)
- 1What is memoryMemory is an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters the information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage
- 2Information process model of memorythe processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of 3 stages
- 33 ProcessorsEncoding (converting information)
Storage (holding on to information)
Retrieval (getting information from storage) - 4EncodingEncoding is the first step in establishing a memory
involves the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert it into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems
attention is very important for this process
directing mental effort to some feature of the environment - 5StorageStorage is the second step in establishing a memory
involves holding on to information for some period of time - 6RetrievalRetrieval is the third step in establishing a memory
involves getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used - 73 Stages process of memoryinformation enters through the sensory system, briefly registering in sensory memory
selective attention moves the information into short-term memory, where it is held while attention (rehearsal) continues
if the information receives enough rehearsal, it will enter and be stored in long-term memory - 83 StagesSensory memory (input of information from sensory system)
Short-term memory (holding of information for a brief period)
Long-term memory (solidifying information) - 9Sensory MemorySensory memory is the first stage of memory
the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems
2 kinds of sensory memory
iconic sensory memory (visual)
echoic sensory memory (auditory) - 10Short term memoryShort-term memory is the second stage of memory
point at which information is held for brief periods of time while being used (fades rapidly unless transferred to short-term storage)
information is processed by working memory
an active system that processes the information present in short-term memory
allows for a temporarily hold on current/recent information for immediate or short-term use - 11What factors influence STM?chunking
maintenance rehearsal - 12Long term memoryLong-term memory is the third stage of memory
point at which all the information is kept more or less permanently
2 kinds of long-term memory
procedural memory (not conscious – memory for skills)
declarative memory (conscious – memory for specific items of information) - 13Procedural vs Declarative Memory
- 14Implicit and Explicit Memory
- 15Long Term MemoryHow does information get from STM to LTM?
elaborative rehearsal
What factors influence LTM?
culture
semantic network model - 16Different Models of MemoryInformation-Processing model
Semantic Network Model
Levels-of-Processing Model
Parallel Distributed Processing Model - 17Information Processing ModelSensory -> STM -> LTM
- 18Semantic Network ModelBird -> Wings -> Color -> Can sing
- 19Level of Processing Modelan alternative model of memory in which information that is more “deeply processed,” or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word(s), will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time
- 20Parallel Distributed Processing Modelan alternative model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections
- 21How Do We Retrieve LTM?retrieval cues
encoding specificity
the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory if being retrieved - 22What is the difference between the retrieval processes?recall (retrieving previously presented information; lists of digits or letters)
free recall, serial recall, paired associates
recognition (recognizing previously presented information; MC) - 23The Effects of Primacy and Recenypatterns can be found in the results:
recall is high for words at the beginning of the list (primacy effect)
recall is high for words at the end of the list (recency effect) - 24What is a flashbulb memory?type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it
vivid memories of dramatic events:
9-11 tragedy
Colorado theatre attack
Challenger explosion - 25Eyewitness TestimonyEyewitnesses are not always reliable
Factors which influence accuracy of memory retrieval:
constructive processing
misinformation effect
examples: cross race identification, wording of questions, “crashed” versus “hit" - 26Forgetting: How and Why do we Forget?the forgetting curve – the rate at which we forget things
encoding failure – failure to process information into memory
memory trace decay theory – loss of memory after time due to disuse and the passage of time
interference theory – decreased accessibility of memories due to blocking by other information - 27Memory and the brainDifferent parts of the brain are active for different types of memory
How does memory fail?
amnesia
Alzheimer’s disease - 28Where are Memories Formed in the Brain?Neurally:
Engram: the physical change that takes place in the brain when a memory is formed
changes in the # of receptor sites
changes in the sensitivity of the synapse through repeated stimulation
changes in the dendrites and proteins within the neurons - 29How does Memory FailRetrograde amnesia is the loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backward, or loss of memory for the past
Anterograde amnesia is the loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories
Infantile amnesia is the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3
Alzheimer’s disease: form of dementia characterized by memory disturbances - 30—
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- FlashCards sobre Memory, criado por Hanfernny Obando em 21-03-2016.
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- Hanfernny Obando
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