Flashcards
Issues and debates
Flashcards do conjunto (74)
- 1Gender Bias: Key Words?-universality
-alpha bias
-beta bias
-androcentrism
-essentialism - 2Universality?-characteristic of humans that is capable of begin applied to all, despite difference of experience and upbrining
- 3Alpha Bias?-theories that suggest actual differences in men and women
-can enhance or undervalue either sex - 4Beta Bias?-theories that ignore/minimise difference between sexes
- 5Androcentrism?(male centered)
-'normal' behavior is judged on a male standard - 6Essentialism?-gender difference is inevitable + 'fixed' in nature
- 7Examples of Alpha Bias in Psychology: Freud (description)-unconscious mind drives all behaviour
-unresolved conflicts during psychosexual stages => act in a certain way
-all males go through Oedipus Complex -> castration anxiety
-girls = Electra Complex -> penis envy - 8Example of Alpha Bias in Psychology: Freud (evaluation)-theory identifies actual difference between males and females -> different complexes for each gender
-Electra complex -> women fell inferior to males in the form of penis envy
-replace need for penis with the desire to have a baby - 9Example of Androcentrism in Psychology: Milgram (description)-studied obedience in 40 American Males
-told to give an electric shock (wasn't real) every time a confederate gave a wrong answer
-found 100% shocked 'Mr Wallace' up to 300v and 65% gave full 450v - 10Example of Androcentrism in Psychology: Milgram (evaluation)-generalised his conclusions of an all male sample to females as well
-female differences in conformity levels may be seen as abnormal or 'inferior', even though may be the standard behaviour for females - 11What feminists have accused of being gender bias-diagnosis of PMS -> stereotyping and trivializing female behaviour
-social construction -> medicalises female emotions in hormonal terms e.s.p. anger
-male anger seen as a rational response to external pressures - 12Example of Beta Bias (+androcentrism) in Psychology: Kolberg (description)-theory of moral reasoning -> moral development occurs through stages
-based on interviews with teenage boys
-suggests stages universal to both sexes
-later carried out study of female Ps -> women reach lower levels of moral development - 13Example of Beta Bias (+androcentrism) in Psychology: Kolberg (Evaluation)-androcentric -> women reach lower levels in contrast to males -> suggest males sample results = standard of behaviour + females inferior
-beta bias-> attempted to minimise differences as used both male and female sample - 14Example of Alpha Bias in Psychology: Sexual Selection (description)-unlimited male gametes but female gametes limited
-female invest more to produce offspring -> look for genetically fit partner that is willing to provide (*money)
-males use less resources -> aim = fertilise as many women as possible -> pass on alleles - 15Example of Alpha Bias (+androcentrism) in Psychology: Sexual Selection (evaluation)-alpha bias -> reports distinct differences in sexual selection between males and females
-Androcentric -> accommodates promiscuity in males -> excuses them for hurting feelings of their partner. If women carried out behaviour = abnormal - 16Cultural Bias?-tendency to ignore cultural differences in behaviour + interpret all behaviour based on one culture alone
- 17Universality?-underlying characteristics of behaviour that are capable of being applied to all, despite differences of experience + upbringing
(culture bias threatens this) - 18Etic Approach?-human behaviour is studies from outside of a culture + generalised + said to be universal
- 19Emic Approach?-human behaviour is studied within a culture + identifies a behaviour specific to that culture
- 20Imposed Etic?-theory/concept rooted in personal culture of researcher is used to study/explain other cultures
- 21Cultural Relativism?-behaviour can only be meaningfully understood within specific cultural contexts
- 22Ethnocentrism?-judging other by values and standards of our own culture
-researchers assume own culture = 'correct' behaviour => when other cultures observed and differ = 'incorrect' behaviour
-devalues other cultures
-=> prejudice, discrimination/racism - 23Example of Ethnocentrism and Imposed Etic in Psychology: Ainsworth (description)-studied attachment types of 100 middle-class US infants
-controlled observation
-based on stranger and separation anxiety
-22% insecure-avoidant, 66% secure + 12% insecure-resistant - 24Example of Ethnocentrism and Imposed Etic in Psychology: Ainsworth (evaluation)-ethnocentric -> studied US + assumed separation + stranger anxiety used to measure attachment types across all cultures *Japan misinterpreted
-Imposed Etic -> US catagorisation = 'norm' -> differences in other cultures = 'abnormal' - 25Examples of Ethnocentrism in Psychology: Culture Bond Disorders (decription)-culture bound -> only appear in one specific culture
-Koro in south and east Asia
-extreme anxiety that the penis/nipples will recede into the body and cause death - 26Example of Ethnocentrism in Psychology: Culture Bound Disorders (evaluation)-classification and diagnosis of mental health issues is ethnocetric
-Diagnosis systems DSM + ICD are based on europeean and weastern populations
-Therefore would have little understandinng of Koro and would not be able to explain or treat the illness effectively - 27Free Will?-humans can make own choices that are not determined by biological or external factors
-we are self-determining - 28Determinism?-humans do not freely choose how to act as actions are the result of determined factors
- 29Hard Dterminism (fatalism)?-free will is not possible as behaviour is always caused by internal/external events, beyond our control
- 30Soft Determinism?-all events have causes, but behaviour can also be determined by our conscious choices in the absense of cohersion
- 31Biological Determinism?behvaiour is caused by biological influences that we cannot control
- 32Environmental Determinism?-behaviour is caused by features of environment that we canot control
- 33Psychic Determinism?-behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we cannot control
- 34Evaluation: Why do deterministic theories support pscyhology's claim to being scientific?-basic principle of science -> every event has a caused that can be explained through general laws
-events can be predicted and controlled => development of treatments, therapies and behavioural interventionns
*antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia - 35Evaluation: SOON ET AL-brain activity for whether to press the button on the lift/right hand side occurs in the brian up to 10 seconds before Ps reported cosnciously making a decision
-suggests choice and free will are determined by our brain before we become aware of them - 36Evalaution: Free Will and mental health disorders-=> total loss of control over our behaviour
-doubt free will as no one would choose to have the disorder - 37Evalaution: Determinism and the Justice System-in court = offenders held morally accountable for their actions
-determinism = not responsible
-should we even send people to prison? - 38Evaluation: Free Will has face validity-experience a sense of free will through everyday choices we make daily -> makes cognitive sense
-high internal L of C = believe we can influence event and control own behaviour -> tend to be more healthy => belief have free will has positive implicaitons - 39Example of Biological Determinism: SIFFRE (desciption)-undertook research in a cave where wasn't exposed to natural light
-took detailed recrodings of when he slept, exercised and ate
-found biological clock extended beyond 24 hours - 40Example of Biological Determinism: SIFFRE (evaluation)-he is not choosing when to sleep, exercise and eat
-his biological clock (SCN) has detrmined his actions through thought processes - 41Example of Phycic Determinism: Freud Psychodynamic Approach (description)-behaviour determind by the unconscious mind
-personality made up of the id, ego and super ego
-id is key in determining behaviour as it encourages you to satisfy wants through immediate gratification (pleasure principle) - 42Example of Psycic Determinism: Freud Psychodynamic Approach (evaluation)-suggests behaviour determined by unconscious conflicts we cannot control
-Even something random 'slip of the tongue' is driven by unconscious forces
-all behaviour determined by unconscious conflicts during childhood (psychosexual Stages)
-any free will = an illusion - 43Example of Soft Determinism: LOFTUS + PALMER (description)-studied effect of leading Qs of accuracy of EWT
-Ps watch a video of a car crash and asked how fast were going when hit
-verb changes for each condition
-Found mean speed estimates were siginificantly different in each condition - 44Example of Soft Determinsim: LOFTUS + PALMER (evaluation)-answer given was determined by verb used in leading Q
-do not decide how to answer questions, but that answers already decided through the way the Q is phrased
-actively decide what memories we retrieve to construct an answer - 45Example of Reciprocal Determinsm: BANDURA (desciption)-SLT we learn behaviour through observation + immitation of models within a social context
-stages of mediational processes; extent to which we pay attention, how well remember, ability to physcally reproduce and motivation to carry out behaviour - 46Example of Reciprocal Determinism: BANDURA (evaluation)-influenced by external environment by the behaviours we observe and also exert our own influence upon it through actively selecting behaviours to perform
-suggests have some element of free well
-just because we witness and behaviour does not mean we have to carry it out - 47Example of Free Will: Humanistic Approach (description)-ROGERS claims humans are self-determining and have free will
-not influences by external/internal factors
-active agents -> ability to determine ur own development
-rejects scientific models that attempt to establish general laws and focus on subjective experiences of the individual - 48Example of Free Will: Humanistic Approach (evaluation)-does not matter what experiences or genes we have, we all actively choose to carry out certain behaviours
-behaviour cannot be determind by biological or environmental forces - 49What is the Nature VS Nurture Debate?-to what extent is our behaviour a product of innate influences or lerning/environmental influences?
- 50Heredity?-genetic transmission of mental and physical characteristics
- 51Environment?-any influence on behaviour that is not genetic
*pre-natal influences
*influences of culture - 52Diathesis-stress Model?-nature and nurture influence + interact with each other, so it does not make sense to separate them
- 53Epigenics?-genetic activity can change through interaction with the environment. This leaves 'marks' on the DNA that can be passed on to future generations
- 54Evaluation: Nativists and Empiricists-natavists = inherited genetic makeup dtermined our characteristics + behaviour
-Empiricists = any behaviour can be changes by altering environmental conditions
-opposing attitudes on education, mental illness and the criminal justic system - 55Evaluation: Constructivism-create own 'nurture' by selecting environments that fit with 'nature' => environment effects development
*aggressive child makes friends with other aggressive children
-decribed and niche-picking + niche-building
-interactionist - 56Evaluation: Shared/Unshared Envrionments -> INTERACTIONIST-even siblings will not have the same upbringing
-DUN + POLMIN -> idividual differences => siblings experience life events differently
*divorce of parents will have different meanings
-explains why MZ twins not 100% concordance rate - 57Evaluation: Genotype-environment interaction-gene-environment interaction
*parenst genes influence way they treat their children
*child's genes influence and shape their environment
*child creates own environment through people + experiences they select - 58Example for Nature: Bowlby's Theory of Attachment (description)-innate need to form one special attachment to one primary caregiver
-hierarchy of attachments
-developed through innate social releasers
*smiling - 59Exampleof Nature: Bowlby's Theory of Attachment (evaluation)-INNATE -> biologically programmed from birth
-social releases drive the attachment to be formed
-will try to form a primary attachment, no matter what we experience when we are born - 60Argument for Nurture: Internal Working Model (decription)-mental template for furture relationshipd based on attachment to primary caregiver
*if had a loving attachment expect relationships to be loving and are loving in relationships yourself
-also acts as a framework for how you will parent yourself - 61Example of Nature: Internal Working Model (evaluation)-experience with attachment to parents and their parenting style = how you parent in the future and what expect in future relationships
-not born with a pre-made template - 62Example of Nauture: Sexual Selection (description)-males have unlimited gametes (sperm) => goal is to fertilise as many females as possible to pass on alleles to next gen => look for youthful, child bearing hips e.c.t
-Females limited gametes (eggs) -> use more resources => look for male who is willing to provide resources + is genetically fit - 63Example of Nature: Sexual Selection (evaluation)-different gametes for each gender determines what we find attractive
-born with gametes and does not change due to experience - 64Example of Nurture: Expressed Emotion (descirption)-level of negative expressed emotion for carers causes a source of stress for the patient
-causes the patient to relapse and become schizphrenic again - 65Example of Nurture: Expressed Emotion (evaluation)-experiences with carers determines whether we are able to recover from schizophrenia
-effect occurs no matter what genome
-suggests nature not nurture - 66Example of Interactionist: Diathesis-stress model (description)-have a genetic disposition to schizophrenia which makes you more vulnerable to developing the illness
-stress trigger from the environment (*death of a familly member) => schizophrenia develops - 67Example of Interactionist: Diathesis-stress Model (evaluation)-both nuture and nature influences interact to cause the disorder
-cannot develop the disorder with stress tigger or genetic disposition alone - 68Reductionism?-belief that human behaviour is best explained by breaking it down into smaller constituent parts
- 69Biological Reductionism?-explaining psychological phenomena at a lower biological level
*genes
*hormones - 70Environmental Reductionism?-explaining psychological phenomena in term of a stimulus-response relationship
*classical and operant conditioning - 71Holism?looking at the whole person rather than one specific part/factor to explain behaviour
- 72Levels of Explanation in Psychology?-different ways of explaining the same phenomena
-some more reductionist than others
-each level becomes more reductionist than the one before - 73What are the levels of Explanation (holistic to reductionist)?-social cognition (from society)
-social interactions
-cognition + emotion
-physiology
-neurochemical
-genetics - 74—
Informações
- Descrição
- A level Psychology Flashcards on Issues and debates, created by Jemima Glazin on 10/03/2017.
- Criado por
- Jemima Glazin
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