Flashcards
Psychology - Sociocultural level of analysis
Flashcards do conjunto (45)
- 1ComplianceA form of social influence involving direct requests from one person to another
- 2Foot-in-the-door techniqueGetting a person to make a commitment by first asking them to do a small request followed by a larger request
- 3LowballingChanging an offer to make it less attractive to the person after they have agreed to it
- 4Foot in the door studyDickerson et al. (1992)
Freedman and Fraser (1966) - 5Lowballing studyBurger and Cornelius (2003)
- 6ConformityType of social influence involving change in belief or behaviuor in order to fit in with a group
- 7Two types of conformityPublic: behave in a social acceptable way
Private: you accept social norms but only you know it - 8In-groupAn exclusive, typically small, group of people with a shared interest or identity
- 9Out-groupThe people who don't belong in a specific in-group
- 10Informative influencewhen you look at the behaviours of others who are also in the same or similar situation to see how they behave
- 11Normative influenceInfluence resulting in the desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
- 12Social normsThe rules for how people should act in a given group or society
- 13Risky shiftThe observed tendency for people to make more daring decisions when they are in groups, than when they are alone
- 14Group polarizationThe tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the decisions members make on their own
- 15Social comparisonyour own self concept or the social concept of "another person" becomes closely meshed in with perceptions of group membership
- 16Social categorizationThe process of classifying people into groups based on similar characteristics, whether it is nationality, age, gender or some other trait
- 17Social identificationThe process by which you or another perosn identify with an in-group or an out-group more overtly
- 18Social comparison theoryCenters on the belief that there is a drive within individuals to gain accurate self-evaluations.
- 19Social identity theoryThe ways in which people perceive and categorize themselves
- 20GroupthinkThe practice of thinking or making decisions as a group, resulting typically in unchallenged, poor-quality decision-making.
- 21Social learning theoryThe assumption that people learn behaviuors, attitudes, emotional reactions and norms through direct experiences but also through observing others
- 22Modellinglearning through the observation of other people whcih may lead to imitation if the behaviour leads to desirable consequences
- 23Reinforcementlearn consequences of behaviour from watching what happens to other humans. once information is stored it serves as a guide to future actions
- 24What conditions are necessary for social learning to take place?Attention, Retention, Motivation, Potential
- 25Social learning theory studyAlbert Bandura (1965) The Bobo doll experiment
- 26Other evidence for Social learning theoryCharlton et al. (2002) Observation of the introduction of televisions in a remote community
- 27StereotypeA widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. Generalisations about a group of people.
- 28SchemaA cognitive system which helps us organize and make sense of information
- 29Confirmation biaspoeple will pay attention to information that confirms thier belief
- 30Social cognitive theorystereotypes from because our social world is complex and provides us with too much information. Our ability to process all of it is limited so we categorize it
- 31How are stereotypes formed?from our social and cultural environment. they are contextual not a reusult of individual cognitive processing.
- 32Strengths of SITIntergroup conflict is not required for discrimination. Has been applied to understanding behaviours such as in-gruop favouritism, conformity to in-group norms and stereotping.
- 33limitations of SITCan't fully explain how in-group favouritism may result in violent behaviuor towards out-groups. We have a lot of social identities- it doesnt predict which one will determine our behaviour. it isnt natural
- 34Time orientationA preference toward past, present, or future thinking. It effects how a culture values time and believes they can control it.
- 35Etic approachesit addresses the universals of human behaviour, what all humans have in common
- 36Emic approachesNot interested in cross-cultural comparisons but rather in cultural specific phenomena
- 37Individualistic culturesIndividualist cultures, e.g United States and Western Europe, emphasize personal achievement regardless of the expense of group goals, resulting in a strong sense of competition.
- 38Collectivist culturesCollectivist cultures, such as those of China, Korea, and Japan, emphasize family and work group goals above individual needs or desires.
- 39Objective cultureVisible characteristics such as dress style, use of various technologies and cuisine
- 40Subjective cultureRefers to the beliefs, norms and values groups consider important enough to pass on to future generations.
- 41What is cultural dimensionThe perspective of a culture based on values and cultural norms. Dimensions work on a continuum e.g a culture is never 100% collectivistic or individualistic, but are different levels with a preference for one set of behaviours over another.
- 42What are the 5 cultural dimensions?Individualism vs collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity and he later added a final dimension - long-term vs. short-term orientation.
- 43Long term orientationValues truth, persistence, loyalty and patience.
- 44Short term orientationImpatient, present orientated and strive for immediate resuts.
- 45CultureA set of sttitudes, behaviours and symbols shared by a large group of people usually communicated from one generation to another
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- International Baccalaureate (IB) Psychology HL FlashCards sobre Psychology - Sociocultural level of analysis , criado por Erica Mauro em 20-05-2017.
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- Erica Mauro
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